Cognitive Development Theories

Cognitive Development

• Piaget's Theory:
  • Sensorimotor (0-2 years): learning through senses and motor activities
  • Preoperational (2-7 years): using symbols and language, but lacking logic
  • Concrete operational (7-11 years): using logic and problem-solving with concrete objects
  • Formal operational (11-15 years): using abstract thinking and reasoning
• Information Processing Theory:
  • Encoding: processing and storing information
  • Storage: retaining information in memory
  • Retrieval: accessing stored information
• Executive Function:
  • Attention: focusing on relevant information
  • Inhibition: controlling impulses and behaviors
  • Working memory: temporarily holding and manipulating information
  • Cognitive flexibility: switching between tasks and adapting to new information

Emotional Regulation

• Emotion Regulation Strategies:
  • Coping: dealing with stressful situations
  • Regulation: managing emotional responses
  • Expression: communicating emotions
• Emotional Intelligence:
  • Recognizing and understanding emotions in oneself and others
  • Using emotions to facilitate thought and behavior
• Temperament:
  • Easy-going: adaptable, calm, and cheerful
  • Difficult: irritable, moody, and easily upset
  • Slow-to-warm-up: cautious, slow to adapt, and reserved

Social Learning

• Bandura's Social Learning Theory:
  • Observing: learning through observing others
  • Imitation: replicating behaviors and actions
  • Modeling: learning through imitating and observing others
• Social Cognitive Theory:
  • Reciprocal determinism: interaction between environment, behavior, and personal factors
  • Self-efficacy: believing in one's ability to achieve goals

Adolescent Identity Formation

• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion: exploring identities and roles
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation: forming close relationships
• Marcia's Identity Status:
  • Diffusion: lack of exploration and commitment
  • Foreclosure: adopting parental identities without exploration
  • Moratorium: actively exploring identities
  • Achievement: committing to an identity after exploration

Parent-Child Relationships

• Parenting Styles:
  • Authoritarian: strict, controlling, and punitive
  • Authoritative: warm, communicative, and responsive
  • Permissive: lenient, indulgent, and lacking boundaries
  • Neglectful: uninvolved, unresponsive, and neglectful
• Attachment Theory:
  • Secure: trusting, responsive, and emotionally connected
  • Insecure: anxious, avoidant, or disorganized

Puberty

• Physical Changes:
  • Hormonal changes: increase in sex hormones
  • Growth spurts: rapid physical growth and development
  • Sexual maturation: development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
• Psychological Changes:
  • Body image concerns: self-consciousness and dissatisfaction with body changes
  • Emotional intensity: increased emotional sensitivity and reactivity
  • Social changes: exploring relationships and peer groups

Cognitive Development

• Piaget's Theory: four stages of cognitive development
  • Sensorimotor: infants learn through senses and motor activities
  • Preoperational: children use symbols and language, but lack logic
  • Concrete operational: children use logic and problem-solving with concrete objects
  • Formal operational: adolescents use abstract thinking and reasoning
• Information Processing: three stages of information processing
  • Encoding: processing and storing information
  • Storage: retaining information in memory
  • Retrieval: accessing stored information
• Executive Function: four components of executive function
  • Attention: focusing on relevant information
  • Inhibition: controlling impulses and behaviors
  • Working memory: temporarily holding and manipulating information
  • Cognitive flexibility: switching between tasks and adapting to new information

Emotional Regulation

• Emotion Regulation Strategies: three ways to manage emotions
  • Coping: dealing with stressful situations
  • Regulation: managing emotional responses
  • Expression: communicating emotions
• Emotional Intelligence: recognizing and understanding emotions in oneself and others
• Temperament: three types of temperaments
  • Easy-going: adaptable, calm, and cheerful
  • Difficult: irritable, moody, and easily upset
  • Slow-to-warm-up: cautious, slow to adapt, and reserved

Social Learning

• Bandura's Social Learning Theory: three components of social learning
  • Observing: learning through observing others
  • Imitation: replicating behaviors and actions
  • Modeling: learning through imitating and observing others
• Social Cognitive Theory: two key components
  • Reciprocal determinism: interaction between environment, behavior, and personal factors
  • Self-efficacy: believing in one's ability to achieve goals

Adolescent Identity Formation

• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory: two stages of adolescent identity formation
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion: exploring identities and roles
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation: forming close relationships
• Marcia's Identity Status: four statuses of identity formation
  • Diffusion: lack of exploration and commitment
  • Foreclosure: adopting parental identities without exploration
  • Moratorium: actively exploring identities
  • Achievement: committing to an identity after exploration

Parent-Child Relationships

• Parenting Styles: four types of parenting styles
  • Authoritarian: strict, controlling, and punitive
  • Authoritative: warm, communicative, and responsive
  • Permissive: lenient, indulgent, and lacking boundaries
  • Neglectful: uninvolved, unresponsive, and neglectful
• Attachment Theory: two types of attachment styles
  • Secure: trusting, responsive, and emotionally connected
  • Insecure: anxious, avoidant, or disorganized

Puberty

• Physical Changes: three key physical changes during puberty
  • Hormonal changes: increase in sex hormones
  • Growth spurts: rapid physical growth and development
  • Sexual maturation: development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
• Psychological Changes: three key psychological changes during puberty
  • Body image concerns: self-consciousness and dissatisfaction with body changes
  • Emotional intensity: increased emotional sensitivity and reactivity
  • Social changes: exploring relationships and peer groups