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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
What is a characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Which ability is NOT typically developed during the concrete operational stage?
Which ability is NOT typically developed during the concrete operational stage?
What does centration refer to?
What does centration refer to?
Which of the following skills indicates a child has reached the concrete operational stage?
Which of the following skills indicates a child has reached the concrete operational stage?
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What is the main aspect of Piaget's formal operational stage?
What is the main aspect of Piaget's formal operational stage?
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What limitation do children under the age of 12 typically exhibit in experiments like Piaget's Pendulum Problem?
What limitation do children under the age of 12 typically exhibit in experiments like Piaget's Pendulum Problem?
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At what age does Piaget suggest a child achieves object permanence?
At what age does Piaget suggest a child achieves object permanence?
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During which stage do children primarily focus on their own perspective?
During which stage do children primarily focus on their own perspective?
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What accurately describes the cognitive ability of children in the concrete operational stage?
What accurately describes the cognitive ability of children in the concrete operational stage?
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What cognitive skill is developed through the understanding of reversibility?
What cognitive skill is developed through the understanding of reversibility?
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What did 3 month old infants look at longer in the violation of expectation paradigm?
What did 3 month old infants look at longer in the violation of expectation paradigm?
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What conclusion can be drawn from the results of the study on 3 month olds regarding gravity?
What conclusion can be drawn from the results of the study on 3 month olds regarding gravity?
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In the habituation paradigm study, at what age were infants able to show a preference for a new number display?
In the habituation paradigm study, at what age were infants able to show a preference for a new number display?
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What ratio could 9 month old infants discriminate according to follow-up studies?
What ratio could 9 month old infants discriminate according to follow-up studies?
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What does the term 'Approximate Number Sense' (ANS) refer to in infants?
What does the term 'Approximate Number Sense' (ANS) refer to in infants?
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What was the primary focus of the study conducted by Xua & Spelke with infants?
What was the primary focus of the study conducted by Xua & Spelke with infants?
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What do infants demonstrate when they look longer at the box suspended in midair?
What do infants demonstrate when they look longer at the box suspended in midair?
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Which of the following was a method used in the study of infants’ understanding of numbers?
Which of the following was a method used in the study of infants’ understanding of numbers?
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What does research suggest about the relationship between infant approximate number system (ANS) and preschool math ability?
What does research suggest about the relationship between infant approximate number system (ANS) and preschool math ability?
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According to the nativist view, what innate cognitive mechanisms do children have?
According to the nativist view, what innate cognitive mechanisms do children have?
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What is one criticism of the nativist view regarding infants' cognitive understanding?
What is one criticism of the nativist view regarding infants' cognitive understanding?
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In what type of study did Baillargeon et al. (1993) investigate infant understanding of gravity?
In what type of study did Baillargeon et al. (1993) investigate infant understanding of gravity?
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Which explanation do critics offer for infants looking longer at certain stimuli in nativist studies?
Which explanation do critics offer for infants looking longer at certain stimuli in nativist studies?
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What do critics argue infants have learned about their environment with about 8-10 hours of awake time?
What do critics argue infants have learned about their environment with about 8-10 hours of awake time?
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What does the nativist perspective suggest about infant understanding of object permanence?
What does the nativist perspective suggest about infant understanding of object permanence?
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Which of the following concepts do nativists argue infants have an innate understanding of?
Which of the following concepts do nativists argue infants have an innate understanding of?
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What is a key method through which infants demonstrate statistical learning?
What is a key method through which infants demonstrate statistical learning?
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In the study by Kirkham et al., what did the infants look at longer during the test phase?
In the study by Kirkham et al., what did the infants look at longer during the test phase?
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What does the ability to track patterns in the environment suggest about infants?
What does the ability to track patterns in the environment suggest about infants?
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Which of the following is NOT an aspect of statistical learning in infancy?
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of statistical learning in infancy?
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What implication does the research on statistical learning suggest about the nature of learning in infants?
What implication does the research on statistical learning suggest about the nature of learning in infants?
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What conclusion can be drawn about the contrast between statistical learning and nativist theory?
What conclusion can be drawn about the contrast between statistical learning and nativist theory?
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What is a common method used in statistical learning studies with infants?
What is a common method used in statistical learning studies with infants?
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What does the ability of 2-month-olds to recognize sequences of shapes indicate?
What does the ability of 2-month-olds to recognize sequences of shapes indicate?
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What cognitive ability allows 18 - 24 month olds to demonstrate deferred imitation?
What cognitive ability allows 18 - 24 month olds to demonstrate deferred imitation?
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What skill is primarily evidenced through pretend play and drawing during the preoperational stage?
What skill is primarily evidenced through pretend play and drawing during the preoperational stage?
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What characteristic is associated with egocentrism during the preoperational stage?
What characteristic is associated with egocentrism during the preoperational stage?
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Which type of speech demonstrates egocentrism in young children?
Which type of speech demonstrates egocentrism in young children?
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In the context of child development, what is a primary outcome of the ability to use symbolic representation?
In the context of child development, what is a primary outcome of the ability to use symbolic representation?
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Study Notes
Early Cognitive Development
- Varying the height from which an object is dropped helps young children understand cause and effect relationships.
- Children aged 18-24 months develop fully formed object permanence, demonstrated through deferred imitation and the ability to think symbolically.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old)
- Children in this stage develop symbolic thought enabling language acquisition and pretend play.
- Egocentrism is a defining characteristic, meaning children struggle to see the world from others' perspectives
- Children exhibit egocentric speech focusing on their own thoughts and experiences.
- Increased verbal arguments among children are a sign of progress as they begin to consider different perspectives.
- Centration describes the tendency to focus on a single, prominent aspect of an object or event, leading to difficulties with conservation tasks.
Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years old)
- Children become less egocentric and can reason logically about concrete objects and events.
- This stage is characterized by decentring, reversibility, and seriation which are fundamental cognitive skills.
- However, children cannot think abstractly or hypothetically.
Formal Operational Stage (12 years and Up)
- Children think abstractly, engaging in reasoning and deductive thinking. They can be interested in subjects like politics, ethics, and science fiction.
- Not everyone reaches this stage.
- Piaget's pendulum problem tests deductive reasoning, where participants must systematically manipulate variables to identify how they influence the pendulum's swing.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Summary
- Sensorimotor Stage (birth - 2 years): Children learn through sensory experiences and actions, developing object permanence.
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Children develop symbolic thought and show egocentrism and centration.
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years): Children think logically about concrete events, demonstrating decentring, reversibility, and seriation.
- Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up): Children develop abstract thinking and deductive reasoning.
Infant Understanding of Gravity
- Three-month-old infants looked longer at a box suspended in midair than a box placed on a platform.
- This indicates they have a rudimentary understanding of gravity.
- Infants have expectations about objects falling if unsupported.
Infants' Understanding of Numbers
- Six-month-olds can distinguish between different quantities of dots, suggesting they have an innate approximate number sense (ANS), which allows them to estimate numbers intuitively.
- This innate ability predicts later math ability during preschool.
The Nativist View
- proposes that children have innate cognitive abilities, including object permanence, understanding of physical laws, and an innate sense of numbers.
- This view suggests infants are more cognitively capable than Piaget thought.
Criticism of the Nativist View
- Overestimates innate cognitive abilities.
- Findings can be explained by perceptual features of stimuli (e.g., complexity) and learning experiences, such as the infant's exposure to the environment.
The Learning View
- Children learn through their interactions with the environment.
- They use trial-and-error and engage in statistical learning to acquire knowledge.
Statistical Learning
- Infants can track patterns in the environment.
- This is a form of observational learning.
Statistical Learning in Infancy
- Infants as young as 2 months old can learn and remember sequences of shapes.
- This suggests they are sensitive to statistical regularities in their environment.
Implications of Statistical Learning
- Infants actively learn and draw interpretations from the world around them.
- The ability to learn statistically is innate and domain general.
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Description
Explore the fascinating stages of cognitive development in children, including early cognitive skills, the preoperational stage, and the concrete operational stage. Understand how children build their understanding of the world, from object permanence to egocentric perspectives. This quiz covers key concepts and milestones in cognitive growth.
