Cognitive Development Stages
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

  • Capacity for seriation and reversibility
  • Ability to reason logically about abstract ideas
  • Egocentrism in perspective-taking (correct)
  • Understanding of conservation concepts

    • Which ability is NOT typically developed during the concrete operational stage?

  • Reversibility
  • Seriation
  • Decentration
  • Abstract reasoning (correct)

    • What does centration refer to?

  • The understanding that objects remain the same despite changes in appearance
  • The capacity to perform deductive reasoning
  • Focusing solely on one striking feature of an object (correct)
  • The ability to view situations from multiple perspectives

    • Which of the following skills indicates a child has reached the concrete operational stage?

    <p>Understanding the concept of conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aspect of Piaget's formal operational stage?

    <p>Ability to think abstractly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation do children under the age of 12 typically exhibit in experiments like Piaget's Pendulum Problem?

    <p>Varying multiple variables at once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does Piaget suggest a child achieves object permanence?

    <p>Birth – 2 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage do children primarily focus on their own perspective?

    <p>Preoperational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accurately describes the cognitive ability of children in the concrete operational stage?

    <p>They can view situations from multiple viewpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive skill is developed through the understanding of reversibility?

    <p>Ability to think through a series of steps and return to the starting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did 3 month old infants look at longer in the violation of expectation paradigm?

    <p>A box suspended in midair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn from the results of the study on 3 month olds regarding gravity?

    <p>Infants have an innate understanding of gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the habituation paradigm study, at what age were infants able to show a preference for a new number display?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ratio could 9 month old infants discriminate according to follow-up studies?

    <p>3:2 ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Approximate Number Sense' (ANS) refer to in infants?

    <p>An intuitive ability to estimate numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the study conducted by Xua & Spelke with infants?

    <p>Understanding of numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do infants demonstrate when they look longer at the box suspended in midair?

    <p>They have a basic expectation of object permanence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a method used in the study of infants’ understanding of numbers?

    <p>Using a habituation paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research suggest about the relationship between infant approximate number system (ANS) and preschool math ability?

    <p>There is a positive correlation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the nativist view, what innate cognitive mechanisms do children have?

    <p>Those that provide knowledge in evolutionarily important domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism of the nativist view regarding infants' cognitive understanding?

    <p>It overestimates infants' innate cognitive understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of study did Baillargeon et al. (1993) investigate infant understanding of gravity?

    <p>Violation of expectation paradigm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which explanation do critics offer for infants looking longer at certain stimuli in nativist studies?

    <p>Perceptual features of the stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do critics argue infants have learned about their environment with about 8-10 hours of awake time?

    <p>A lot about the world around them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the nativist perspective suggest about infant understanding of object permanence?

    <p>It is present at birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts do nativists argue infants have an innate understanding of?

    <p>Physical laws like gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key method through which infants demonstrate statistical learning?

    <p>Tracking patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Kirkham et al., what did the infants look at longer during the test phase?

    <p>The novel sequence of shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ability to track patterns in the environment suggest about infants?

    <p>They are capable of drawing conclusions about their surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an aspect of statistical learning in infancy?

    <p>Experimenting through trial and error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication does the research on statistical learning suggest about the nature of learning in infants?

    <p>Learning is innate and domain general.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn about the contrast between statistical learning and nativist theory?

    <p>Statistical learning suggests that there is a process for learning in various domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used in statistical learning studies with infants?

    <p>Habituation paradigms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ability of 2-month-olds to recognize sequences of shapes indicate?

    <p>They can discern patterns visually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability allows 18 - 24 month olds to demonstrate deferred imitation?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skill is primarily evidenced through pretend play and drawing during the preoperational stage?

    <p>Symbolic thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with egocentrism during the preoperational stage?

    <p>Difficulty taking another person's spatial perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of speech demonstrates egocentrism in young children?

    <p>Egocentric speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of child development, what is a primary outcome of the ability to use symbolic representation?

    <p>Language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Cognitive Development

    • Varying the height from which an object is dropped helps young children understand cause and effect relationships.
    • Children aged 18-24 months develop fully formed object permanence, demonstrated through deferred imitation and the ability to think symbolically.

    Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old)

    • Children in this stage develop symbolic thought enabling language acquisition and pretend play.
    • Egocentrism is a defining characteristic, meaning children struggle to see the world from others' perspectives
    • Children exhibit egocentric speech focusing on their own thoughts and experiences.
    • Increased verbal arguments among children are a sign of progress as they begin to consider different perspectives.
    • Centration describes the tendency to focus on a single, prominent aspect of an object or event, leading to difficulties with conservation tasks.

    Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years old)

    • Children become less egocentric and can reason logically about concrete objects and events.
    • This stage is characterized by decentring, reversibility, and seriation which are fundamental cognitive skills.
    • However, children cannot think abstractly or hypothetically.

    Formal Operational Stage (12 years and Up)

    • Children think abstractly, engaging in reasoning and deductive thinking. They can be interested in subjects like politics, ethics, and science fiction.
    • Not everyone reaches this stage.
    • Piaget's pendulum problem tests deductive reasoning, where participants must systematically manipulate variables to identify how they influence the pendulum's swing.

    Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Summary

    • Sensorimotor Stage (birth - 2 years): Children learn through sensory experiences and actions, developing object permanence.
    • Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Children develop symbolic thought and show egocentrism and centration.
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years): Children think logically about concrete events, demonstrating decentring, reversibility, and seriation.
    • Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up): Children develop abstract thinking and deductive reasoning.

    Infant Understanding of Gravity

    • Three-month-old infants looked longer at a box suspended in midair than a box placed on a platform.
    • This indicates they have a rudimentary understanding of gravity.
    • Infants have expectations about objects falling if unsupported.

    Infants' Understanding of Numbers

    • Six-month-olds can distinguish between different quantities of dots, suggesting they have an innate approximate number sense (ANS), which allows them to estimate numbers intuitively.
    • This innate ability predicts later math ability during preschool.

    The Nativist View

    • proposes that children have innate cognitive abilities, including object permanence, understanding of physical laws, and an innate sense of numbers.
    • This view suggests infants are more cognitively capable than Piaget thought.

    Criticism of the Nativist View

    • Overestimates innate cognitive abilities.
    • Findings can be explained by perceptual features of stimuli (e.g., complexity) and learning experiences, such as the infant's exposure to the environment.

    The Learning View

    • Children learn through their interactions with the environment.
    • They use trial-and-error and engage in statistical learning to acquire knowledge.

    Statistical Learning

    • Infants can track patterns in the environment.
    • This is a form of observational learning.

    Statistical Learning in Infancy

    • Infants as young as 2 months old can learn and remember sequences of shapes.
    • This suggests they are sensitive to statistical regularities in their environment.

    Implications of Statistical Learning

    • Infants actively learn and draw interpretations from the world around them.
    • The ability to learn statistically is innate and domain general.

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    Related Documents

    Cognitive Development PSYC 304 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating stages of cognitive development in children, including early cognitive skills, the preoperational stage, and the concrete operational stage. Understand how children build their understanding of the world, from object permanence to egocentric perspectives. This quiz covers key concepts and milestones in cognitive growth.

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