Piaget's Developmental Stages

Infants' achievements are based on coordinating sensory perceptions and simple motor behaviors. They begin to interact with the world outside themselves in deliberate ways.

Young children can represent reality through symbols, including mental images, words, and gestures. They have difficulty distinguishing their point of view from others and often focus on surface appearances.

Middle childhood is marked by the ability to perform mental operations, internalized actions that fit into a logical system. Children can now mentally combine, separate, order, and transform objects. These operations are considered concrete because they are carried out in the presence of the objects being thought about.

The developing person acquires the ability to think systematically about all logical relations within a problem. Adolescents show keen interest in abstract ideas and the process of thinking itself.

The first and most important influence on a child's development, consisting of parents and their children. It is a dynamic system, influenced by surrounding environments and constantly evolving.

A family structure that includes parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and other extended relatives.

The idea that family structure is shaped by social organization and cultural context. The modern nuclear family is a product of historical and social changes, particularly migration patterns.

The idea that extended families provide resources like food, income, childcare, and household support. Cooperative breeding networks play a crucial role in childcare and protection.

The concept of childcare and protection provided by members other than the parents, often within extended family networks.

A network of support where non-parental individuals contribute resources to the rearing of young individuals. It is a key feature of extended family structures.

The long childhoods we experience are a by-product of brain evolution, as we need time to develop our large brains.

Three primary goals shared by parents universally: Ensuring child survival, acquiring necessary skills for economic productivity, and passing on cultural values.

A parenting style that emphasizes high parental control and warmth. This style is often seen in African American single mothers as a protective response to threats.

A parenting style that emphasizes emotional warmth, behavioral control, and autonomy support. It involves setting clear expectations and using reasoning over punishment.

A parenting style that is demanding and controlling. It emphasizes obedience over independence and often relies on punishment.

A parenting style that is undemanding and provides little control. It allows children to learn through their own experiences.

A parenting style characterized by low levels of demand and responsiveness. It involves lack of emotional involvement and neglecting children's needs.

A comparison of two parenting styles across cultures, demonstrating how cultural values influence parenting practices. German parenting emphasizes independence, while Indian parenting emphasizes interdependence.

Siblings play a significant role in each other's development, providing models for behavior, fostering emotional understanding, and creating opportunities for learning social skills.

A sense of obligation and loyalty to family, common in Hispanic families. It encompasses extended family structures, early marriage and childbearing, and prioritizing family needs over individual desires.

Families facing social, economic, or psychological challenges, potentially leading to negative impacts on children's development.

The idea that the quality of the home environment is a key factor in children's well-being. Poverty can lead to lower quality environments, hindering children's academic performance, mental health, and physical health.

The experience of not having constant access to enough food for good health. It is often linked to poverty and can have detrimental effects on children's growth and development.

Children of unmarried teenage mothers tend to face challenges in terms of behavior, social development, and academic achievement. This is often attributed to factors related to poverty and family instability.

Malreatment in different cultures can vary based on what is considered appropriate and inappropriate treatment of children. Physical punishment like spanking can be a source of debate and cultural differences.

Children from affluent communities may experience high levels of depression, substance abuse, and bullying despite having access to material resources.

A type of childcare provided by a nanny in the child's own home. It offers flexibility and comfort for the child, but it can be expensive and lacks socialization opportunities.

Care provided in someone's home, often by a relative or a licensed provider. It offers more socialization opportunities than home child care, but flexibility and training may be limited.

Care provided in a structured center supervised by licensed professionals. It offers high levels of socialization and regulation but can be expensive and have challenges related to caregiver turnover.

Resources that communities provide to children and families, including school, healthcare, social structure, expectations for behavior, and levels of trust and cooperation.

How communities shape children's development and well-being. This includes the influence of economic disadvantage, physical and social disorder, and cultural differences.

The idea that neighborhoods characterized by economic disadvantage can amplify the negative effects of poverty on children's development, leading to greater risks for emotional and academic problems.

The intentional use of toys, games, and activities to promote children's literacy and numeracy development. This can happen through reading aloud, providing educational toys, and engaging in playful learning activities.

The idea that early exposure to reading can lead to a snowball effect, where children acquire more vocabulary and literacy skills, enabling them to access more reading experiences, further fueling their language development.

A federally funded program that provides free preschool to low-income families. It is designed to intervene in the cycle of poverty by providing early education opportunities.

A long-term study showing that participation in the Perry Preschool Program had a positive impact on children's lives, leading to higher achievement scores, increased graduation rates, and reduced criminal activity.

The ability to control one's own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. It involves regulating impulses, delaying gratification, and managing emotional responses.