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Questions and Answers
What is the primary effect of punishment according to the content?
What is the primary effect of punishment according to the content?
Which schedule of reinforcement involves reinforcement after every nth response?
Which schedule of reinforcement involves reinforcement after every nth response?
What type of reinforcement occurs when something unpleasant is removed to encourage behavior?
What type of reinforcement occurs when something unpleasant is removed to encourage behavior?
In the context of moral development theories, what method did Lawrence Kohlberg devise?
In the context of moral development theories, what method did Lawrence Kohlberg devise?
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Which aspect is least predictable when using punishment as described?
Which aspect is least predictable when using punishment as described?
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What process involves fitting new information into an existing schema?
What process involves fitting new information into an existing schema?
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At what stage of cognitive development does abstract and logical thinking begin according to this framework?
At what stage of cognitive development does abstract and logical thinking begin according to this framework?
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In Vygotsky's theory, what concept refers to the next level of skill or understanding achievable by a child?
In Vygotsky's theory, what concept refers to the next level of skill or understanding achievable by a child?
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Which is NOT a feature of the Formal Operational Stage?
Which is NOT a feature of the Formal Operational Stage?
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What role does community play in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
What role does community play in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
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What signifies the achievement of object permanence in the Sensorimotor Stage?
What signifies the achievement of object permanence in the Sensorimotor Stage?
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What does the unconscious mind primarily contain according to Freud's theories?
What does the unconscious mind primarily contain according to Freud's theories?
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What is a key characteristic of cognitive development during the Formal Operational stage?
What is a key characteristic of cognitive development during the Formal Operational stage?
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Which basic strength is associated with Erikson's stage of 'Early Childhood'?
Which basic strength is associated with Erikson's stage of 'Early Childhood'?
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What is the core pathology associated with Erikson's 'Infancy' stage?
What is the core pathology associated with Erikson's 'Infancy' stage?
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What is the primary function of accommodation in cognitive development?
What is the primary function of accommodation in cognitive development?
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What does Freud's seduction theory primarily address?
What does Freud's seduction theory primarily address?
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What is the main ethical principle that comprises the superego in Freud's model?
What is the main ethical principle that comprises the superego in Freud's model?
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Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is characterized by the conflict of 'Initiative vs. Guilt'?
Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is characterized by the conflict of 'Initiative vs. Guilt'?
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In Freud's view, what is the role of repression in the unconscious?
In Freud's view, what is the role of repression in the unconscious?
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What is the fundamental concept behind the 'Ego' in Freud's structural model of personality?
What is the fundamental concept behind the 'Ego' in Freud's structural model of personality?
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What is likely to be a sign of separation anxiety in infants during the differentiation phase?
What is likely to be a sign of separation anxiety in infants during the differentiation phase?
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Which psychological concept relates to children forming internal representations of their mothers?
Which psychological concept relates to children forming internal representations of their mothers?
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In evolutionary psychology, what is suggested as a characteristic that may have evolved through natural selection?
In evolutionary psychology, what is suggested as a characteristic that may have evolved through natural selection?
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What theme does kin selection emphasize in the context of evolutionary psychology?
What theme does kin selection emphasize in the context of evolutionary psychology?
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What aspect is critical to understanding a child's development according to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Theory?
What aspect is critical to understanding a child's development according to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Theory?
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What phenomenon is described as a 'Rapprochement Crisis' during infancy?
What phenomenon is described as a 'Rapprochement Crisis' during infancy?
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Which of the following is a psychological concept closely associated with Heinz Kohut's theories?
Which of the following is a psychological concept closely associated with Heinz Kohut's theories?
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What is the 'mirroring' effect as described in Self Psychology?
What is the 'mirroring' effect as described in Self Psychology?
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What characterizes Stage 5 in the development of morality?
What characterizes Stage 5 in the development of morality?
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In which stage of Carol Gilligan's Ethics of Care are the needs of others prioritized at the expense of oneself?
In which stage of Carol Gilligan's Ethics of Care are the needs of others prioritized at the expense of oneself?
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What is the main focus of Stage 6 in moral reasoning?
What is the main focus of Stage 6 in moral reasoning?
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What developmental stage according to Jean Piaget is characterized by an unawareness of rules?
What developmental stage according to Jean Piaget is characterized by an unawareness of rules?
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What aspect is primarily examined in Harry Harlow's monkey experiment?
What aspect is primarily examined in Harry Harlow's monkey experiment?
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Which stage in the Ethics of Care represents a balanced approach between self-needs and the needs of others?
Which stage in the Ethics of Care represents a balanced approach between self-needs and the needs of others?
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What diminishes as individuals develop a Stage 2 moral reasoning according to the discussed theories?
What diminishes as individuals develop a Stage 2 moral reasoning according to the discussed theories?
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Which concept indicates that the ability to care is developed through social modeling?
Which concept indicates that the ability to care is developed through social modeling?
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What is a key feature of Stage 2 in moral reasoning relating to social agreements?
What is a key feature of Stage 2 in moral reasoning relating to social agreements?
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What is a primary need highlighted in Harlow's studies on attachment?
What is a primary need highlighted in Harlow's studies on attachment?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Development
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: describes how children's thinking develops over stages.
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years): Children use sensory experiences and motor skills to learn. Key achievement: object permanence (understanding that things exist even when not seen).
- Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years): Children develop symbolic thinking with language, but struggle with logical thought (e.g., conservation).
- Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years): Children develop concrete logical thought (e.g., understanding conservation of liquids).
- Formal Operational Stage (11 years onwards): Highest stage of cognitive development. This stage includes abstract thinking, formal logic, and problem-solving.
- Assimilation: Fitting new information into existing knowledge schemas
- Accommodation: Expanding knowledge schemas to accommodate new information
Sociocultural Theory - Vygotsky
- Highlights the role of community and social interaction on child development.
- Learning is a social process.
- Zone of Proximal Development: The next level of skills or understanding a child can achieve with assistance.
Psychoanalytic Theory
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Sigmund Freud (Father of Psychoanalysis):
- Focus on the unconscious mind: This includes repressed experiences, urges, and desires that influence behavior.
- Id (Pleasure Principle): Seeks immediate gratification (unconscious)
- Ego (Reality Principle): Mediates between Id and Superego.
- Superego (Moralistic and Idealistic Principle): Represents internalized morals and values.
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Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development:
- Describes psychosocial challenges at different stages.
- Each stage has a basic strength (positive outcome) and a core pathology (negative outcome).
- Infancy (Trust vs. Mistrust): Learning to rely on caregivers, leading to trust or mistrust.
- Early Childhood (Autonomy vs. Shame): Developing independence and self-control (or shame).
- Play Age (Initiative vs. guilt): Learning to take initiative and plan activities (or guilt).
- School Age (Industry vs. Inferiority): Developing competence in skills and tasks (or feeling inferior).
- Adolescence (Identities vs. Role Confusion): Finding a sense of identity and belonging (or confusion).
Behaviorism
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Learning through association and reinforcement:
- Classical Conditioning: Learning by associating a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., Pavlov's Dogs).
- Operant Conditioning: Learning through positive or negative reinforcement (increasing or decreasing behavior).
- Schedules of Reinforcement: Different schedules of reinforcement influence how quickly a behavior is learned and maintained.
- Punishment: Doesn't strengthen behavior but may stop it temporarily.
- Social Modeling: Learning by observing others (e.g., Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment).
Moral Development Theories
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Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: Focused on the development of moral reasoning and justice.
- Preconventional (around age 7): Morality based on punishment and rewards.
- Stage 1: Obedience-Punishment Orientation: Actions are judged based on whether they will be punished or rewarded.
- Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation: Actions are judged based on what is in the person's best interest.
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Conventional (around age 10): Morality based on social norms and expectations.
- Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl Orientation: Focus on maintaining approval from others
- Stage 4: Law-and-Order Orientation: Following rules and maintaining social order.
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Postconventional (around 12 years and older): Morality based on internal principles and justice.
- Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation: Rules and laws are seen as social contracts to benefit the common good.
- Stage 6: Principled Conscience-Driven Orientation: Based on universal ethical principles and moral reasoning.
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Carol Gilligan's Ethics of Care: Focuses on the development of care and empathy in moral reasoning.
- Level 1: Individualistic Orientation: Focused on the self.
- Level 2: Self-Sacrifice Orientation: Focused on the needs of others.
- Level 3: Balance Orientation: Seeks balance between the needs of self and others.
Attachment Theories
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Harry Harlow's Monkey Experiment:
- Demonstrated that infants' need for contact comfort (closeness and touching) was crucial for attachment.
- Showed that contact comfort is more important than nourishment.
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Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure:
- A method to study attachment styles in infants (Secure, Insecure-Avoidant, Insecure-Ambivalent, and Insecure-Disorganized).
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John Bowlby's Attachment Theory:
- Proposed that infants have an innate need for attachment and form secure attachments to caregivers.
Evolutionary Psychology
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Edward Osborne Wilson's Evolutionary Psychology:
- Examines how evolution shapes human behavior, cognition, and social behavior.
- Altruism: May be an evolutionary adaptation, contributing to the survival of genes.
- Kin Selection: Focuses on the preservation of genes, rather than individuals, as the primary driver of evolution
Ecological Systems Theory
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Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory:
- Microsystem: Immediate environments, such as family, school, and peers (direct interactions).
- Mesosystem: Interactions between different microsystems (e.g., family and school).
- Exosystem: External social settings influencing the child (e.g., parent's workplace).
- Macrosystem: Cultural and societal influences.
- Chronosystem: Influence of historical time and events on development.
Self-Psychology (Heinz Kohut)
- Emphasizes the role of self-objects and their significance in self-development.
- Empathy: Essential for children to receive adequate empathy from parents.
- Child Narcissism: Normal in children.
- Mirroring: Reflecting back to a child a sense of self worth and approval.
- Idealizing: Looking up to a parent as a perfect role model.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Piaget's stages of cognitive development and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. This quiz covers key concepts like assimilation, accommodation, and different developmental stages. Perfect for students of psychology or education!
