Cognitive Development and Intellectual Disability

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the temporary storage system of information that lasts between 15-30 seconds?

Long-term memory

Sensory memory

Working memory (correct)

Retention memory

Which stage of moral development is characterized by a willingness to break rules for a greater good?

Postconventional (correct)

Preconventional

Conventional

Severe disability

Which of the following describes the language acquisition device according to Chomsky?

It is an innate mechanism that allows children to acquire language instinctively. (correct)

It is a concept that children learn language through imitation only.

It focuses on linguistic reinforcement from caregivers only.

It requires formal instruction for language development.

During which stage does a child typically transition to using mini sentences comprised of two words?

Two-word stage Signup and view all the answers

What does the retention process in Bandura's ARRM refer to?

An observer's memory for modeled behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of the preoperational stage according to Piaget?

Use of symbols and egocentrism Signup and view all the answers

What best defines intrinsic barriers to learning?

Cognitive, emotional, and personal challenges Signup and view all the answers

In Bandura's Attentional Process, what must an observer do to learn from a model?

Pay attention to and attract attention of others Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development is characterized by the use of telegraphic speech?

Preoperational stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of metacognition?

Reflecting on one’s own cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

What describes the concrete operational stage in Piaget's theory?

Development of logical thinking during middle childhood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines observational learning?

Learning by watching others and then imitating their behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an extrinsic barrier?

Socio-economic status affecting educational access Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the infancy stage according to Maslow?

Milestones like holding head up and rolling over Signup and view all the answers

How does a symbolic model differ from a live model?

Live models indicate behaviors in person, while symbolic models use representations Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Intellectual Disability

Mild intellectual disability involves an IQ of 50-70 and requires intermediate support.
Severe intellectual disability involves an IQ of 20-35 and requires life skills support.

Mnemonic Device

A mnemonic device is a strategy to help remember information.

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Sensorimotor Stage: (birth-2 years) infants rely on their senses and motor skills to explore the world. They develop object permanence.
Preoperational Stage: (2-7 years) children begin to use symbols, like language, to represent their thoughts. They are egocentric.
Concrete Operational Stage: (7-11 years) children can think logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Formal Operational Stage: (12 years+) adolescents can think logically about both concrete and abstract events. They can solve problems and reason hypothetically.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Preconventional: (young children) focus on the consequences of their actions, seeking to avoid punishment or gain rewards.
Conventional: (adolescents and adults) abide by societal rules and laws, focused on fulfilling their social duties.
Postconventional: (some adults) develop their own personal moral code, valuing universal principles and justice above societal expectations.

Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development

Preconventional: (self-centered, focused on individual needs) "I love MYSELF"
Conventional: (focused on relationships and caring for others) "I love YOU more"
Postconventional: (focused on universal principles and justice) "I love us BOTH"

Stages of Language Development

Babbling: (0-11 months) infants start experimenting with sounds and recognize different sounds.
Holophrastic Stage: (11-18 months) children use one word to communicate multiple ideas.
Two-Word Stage: (18-24 months) children begin to put two words together to form mini sentences.
Telegraphic Stage: (2-3 years) children start using shortened sentences with omitted grammar while still conveying meaning.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Applied to Development

Infancy: (birth-2 years) focuses on basic physiological needs like feeding, sleeping, and being safe.
Early Childhood: (2-6 years) focuses on needs for security and belonging.
Middle Childhood: (6-12 years) focuses on social needs and self-esteem.
Adolescence: (12-18 years) focuses on identity formation and finding a sense of self.

Types of Memory

Sensory Memory: temporary storage of incoming sensory information, lasting only a few seconds.
Working Memory: short-term memory, lasting 15-30 seconds, involving rehearsal to transfer information to long-term memory.
Long-Term Memory: storage of information for long periods, potentially indefinitely.

Learning Through Imitation (Bandura's Observational Learning)

Attentional Process: the observer must pay attention to the behavior being modeled.
Retention Process: the observer must remember the modeled behavior.
Motivational Process: the observer must be motivated to perform the modeled behavior.
Reproduction Process: the observer must be able to physically perform the modeled behavior.

Types of Models

Live Model: demonstrates a behavior in person.
Symbolic Model: a fictional character or real person portrayed in books, movies, or games.
Verbal Instructional Model: explaining a behavior through words.

Cognitive Barriers

Symptoms: short attention span, poor listening, difficulty with organization, planning, following instructions, understanding abstract concepts, managing time.
Supports: organization aids, routines, procedures, repetition, extended time, redirection, non-punishing feedback.

Extrinsic Barriers

Socio-economic barriers: limited access to resources or opportunities due to financial constraints.
Resource barriers: lack of available and accessible resources, such as childcare or transportation.
Physical environment barriers: physical obstacles that hinder accessibility, such as limited mobility access.

Bullying

Potential Symptoms: changes in sleep or eating habits, academic decline, new health complaints, depression, anxiety.

Language Acquisition Device (Chomsky)

Chomsky proposed that children are born with an innate predisposition to learn languages, independent of formal instruction.

Skinner's Verbal Learning Theory

Imitating Language: children learn by repeating what they hear.
Shaping Language: caregivers reinforce and refine children's verbal responses.
Prompting Language: adults provide prompts to encourage children's language development.

Metacognition

Self-awareness of our own thinking processes and the ability to regulate those processes.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of cognitive development stages proposed by Piaget and the characteristics of intellectual disabilities. This quiz also covers memorable strategies like mnemonic devices and implications of Kohlberg's moral development theory. Test your knowledge on these foundational psychological concepts.