Cognitive Control and Its Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What are primary reinforcers primarily associated with?

  • Extrinsic rewards like money
  • Direct benefits for survival fitness (correct)
  • Temporary satisfaction without survival benefits
  • Social status and prestige

    • Which of the following best describes secondary reinforcers?

  • Rewards gaining value through association (correct)
  • Unique experiences that are always enjoyable
  • Rewards that directly enhance survival chances
  • Inherently rewarding items like food

    • What does temporal discounting refer to?

  • The preference for secondary over primary reinforcers
  • The inability to appreciate future consequences
  • The tendency to value immediate rewards over delayed ones (correct)
  • The changing value of rewards over time

    • How can context influence the subjective value of a reward?

    <p>Through both external factors and internal feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically contribute to subjective value?

    <p>Social comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might cause a dead mouse to become a reinforcing property?

    <p>Experiencing extreme hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences preference when choosing a fishing spot?

    <p>Aesthetics and personal memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT considered when forming overall subjective worth?

    <p>Market trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic issue do drug addicts experience regarding their behaviors?

    <p>Loss of control over destructive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a habit defined in the context of behavioral actions?

    <p>A response triggered by specific stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during 'no-go' trials in the study with cocaine users?

    <p>Participants had to withhold their response for repeated stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers habitual actions according to the studies conducted?

    <p>Unconscious responses to environmental cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of habitual actions?

    <p>Automatic responses triggered by familiar contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive aspect did researchers examine in chronic cocaine users?

    <p>Changes in cognitive control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action might a habitual commuter take without thinking?

    <p>Switching on a broken car radio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might well-learned associations be beneficial in certain situations?

    <p>They enable quick selection of appropriate responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the prefrontal cortex play in working memory?

    <p>It can access stored information and maintain it active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the working memory task involving location memory?

    <p>Animals must remember the most recently baited location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do normative decision theories focus on?

    <p>How people ought to make decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of working memory can vary significantly among species?

    <p>The capacity and duration of working memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prefrontal lesions affect performance in memory tasks?

    <p>They have no impact on working memory performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes descriptive decision theories from normative ones?

    <p>They describe actual choices made by individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do evolutionary psychologists view our inconsistent decision-making?

    <p>As a byproduct of our evolutionary past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for an animal's success in the associative learning condition?

    <p>Reacting to the reappearance of visual cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does delayed-response study indicate about prefrontal neurons?

    <p>They show sustained activity throughout the delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cornerstone idea in economic models of decision-making?

    <p>Computing the value of each option before making a decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors do we need to consider besides possible reward levels when making decisions?

    <p>The likelihood of receiving the rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ability to recognize object permanence suggest about a species?

    <p>It reflects their potential for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes social decisions?

    <p>Choices that involve interaction with other individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is needed to keep information active in a working memory system?

    <p>A mechanism for accessing and maintaining information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason our brains are shaped by evolution in context to decision-making?

    <p>To ensure survival and reproduction in historical contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key aspect do we need to recognize about our decision mechanisms?

    <p>They function below our consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is working memory primarily responsible for in behavior?

    <p>Transient representation of task-relevant information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between working memory and decision making?

    <p>Working memory provides a link between perception, long-term memory, and action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the tasks described, which type of memory is specifically required for the monkey to retrieve food in the first task?

    <p>Working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'blackboard of the mind' refer to in relation to cognitive control?

    <p>The transient display of information in working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does working memory differ from associative memory according to the described tasks?

    <p>Working memory requires updating information based on changing contexts, while associative memory is static.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of delaying a response in the working memory task?

    <p>It necessitates the maintenance of information for sufficient retrieval after a delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a misconception about working memory?

    <p>Working memory is not affected by surrounding environmental stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scenario described, why might a monkey delay eating until all guests are served?

    <p>It displays an understanding of social rules influenced by working memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the activity of neurons change when the cue is turned off?

    <p>Activity increases and persists until a response occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of information do the neurons in the LPFC code?

    <p>What and where information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the response activity when a good location is presented?

    <p>Response activity increases and stabilizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of neuron response, what does the term 'spikes/s' refer to?

    <p>The rate of neuron firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by the response activity for poor objects?

    <p>They evoke low response rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an observed effect of a poor location on neuron activity?

    <p>Decreased activity compared to good locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the temporal aspect of neuronal response visualized in the study?

    <p>By measuring the time from sample onset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'delay' represent in the study's context?

    <p>The gap between the sample and the test objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the role of LPFC neurons during the 'what' and 'where' tasks?

    <p>They are involved in integrating various types of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the task, how does neuron response timing affect performance?

    <p>Faster responses correlate with better task performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between time and neuron activity for good objects?

    <p>Activity peaks shortly after presentation and declines rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the neuron activity when a test follows a sample without time gaps?

    <p>Activity continues smoothly throughout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the feedback from neuron activity inform cognitive control processes?

    <p>It aids in adjusting behavior based on environmental cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the study most directly relates to decision-making processes?

    <p>Neural firing rates during different tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Control

    • A patient, W.R., reported losing his ego as his primary symptom. W.R. had a large brain tumor, an astrocytoma, preventing him from taking steps to achieve his goals, even basic ones.

    The Anatomy Behind Cognitive Control

    • Cognitive Control (executive function) involves psychological processes that enable selecting actions, thoughts and actions using prior knowledge, perceptions, and goals.

    • Goal-oriented and complex behaviours are facilitated by cognitive control.

    • The frontal lobes, especially the prefrontal cortex (PFC), are crucial for cognitive control since they enable the sophisticated coordination of action sequences stretching over time.

    • The prefrontal cortex (PFC) comprises several areas including: lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), frontal pole (FP), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and medial frontal cortex (MFC).

    • The PFC plays a role in goal-directed behaviors involving working memory, planning, and evaluating consequences.

    Cognitive Control Deficits

    • Individuals with frontal lobe lesions, like W.R., may exhibit perseveration, apathy, distractibility, impulsivity, inability to make decisions, plan actions, or follow rules, struggle with implicit and explicit memory.

    • Individuals with frontal lobe lesions often display difficulty with goal-orientated behaviours.

    • Patients with prefrontal lesions exhibit decreased goal orientation, resulting in behaviours being stimulus-driven rather than goal-directed.

    Goal-Oriented Behaviour

    • Goal-oriented actions are linked to assessing reward and desired outcomes, and how the action can lead to these outcomes.

    • Habits are stimulus-driven actions, not associated with reward evaluation.

    Decision Making

    • Decision-making processes rely on evaluating the value of different options using computational models.

    • Economists and mathematicians are often perplexed by human decision-making. Despite seeming otherwise, it appears that humans have an innate sense of value computation.

    • Value computations, as observed in the brain, are calculated in combination with other variables. Such variables include: payoff (reward), probability of receiving the reward, the effort or cost associated (including time), the context of the decision-making process, the preferences of individuals, and social considerations.

    • Different brain areas, including the orbitofrontal cortex and medial frontal cortex, play a role in representing and modulating value.

    Dopamine Activity and Reward Processing

    • Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter associated with reward processing.

    • The activity of DA neurons is linked to the prediction errors regarding rewards, not the reward size per se.

    • Dopamine neurons signal reward expectancy rather than the reward's size, and activity level changes based on whether the reward matches the expectation.

    Goal Planning

    • Successfully planning and executing a goal requires identifying, determining subgoals, and estimating required resources.

    • Individuals consider consequences and evaluate whether information is relevant or not.

    • The prefrontal cortex has a crucial role in supporting goal planning and goal-directed behaviour which is impacted by experience.

    Goal-Based Selection

    • Cognitive control is crucial when competing goals are present.

    • The medial frontal cortex (MFC) appears to be crucial for monitoring tasks and evaluating whether actions will have the right outcomes.

    • Activation in the MFC is correlated with attention, particularly when attentional demands increase.

    • MFC displays activity even when there are no errors, indicating a wider monitoring role, as opposed to error-detection.

    • The medial frontal cortex may act as a supervisor in monitoring activities across multiple regions of the brain.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of cognitive control, a crucial executive function governed by the frontal lobes. This quiz covers key areas of the prefrontal cortex and how they facilitate goal-oriented behaviors. Delve into the psychological processes that guide our actions based on prior knowledge and perceptions.

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