P4- Cognitive Control 2
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Questions and Answers

The temporal lobe in the right hemisphere is larger than the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere.

False (B)

During brain surgery, the use of intravenous stimulation allows neurosurgeons to distinguish between white matter tracts that are relevant for different functions.

False (B)

The right hemisphere is largely responsible for visuospatial processing and attention, and typically does not play a significant role in language functions.

False (B)

A left hemisphere resection is more likely to result in language deficits than a right hemisphere resection.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The idea of a "nondominant" hemisphere being the right hemisphere is no longer widely accepted in the scientific community.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brain tumors always grow in the gray matter, making it easy to distinguish them during surgery.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The longitudinal fasciculus, which connects the frontal and parietal regions, is larger in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients who undergo a right hemisphere resection are more likely to experience memory deficits than those who undergo a left hemisphere resection.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surgeons can identify specific brain areas by their unique appearance during surgery, regardless of the presence of a tumor.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive flexibility tests require patients to alternate between presenting a digit and a color continuously.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social cognition encompasses the ability to interpret emotions displayed through body movements and facial expressions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Working memory can only be assessed through verbal information, as visuospatial tasks are irrelevant to this cognitive function.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While most neurological impairments such as strokes occur in the lateral region, gliomas can grow in both lateral and medial regions of the brain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mentalizing involves only recognizing another person's feelings without understanding their thoughts or intentions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freudian slip is entirely unrelated to executive functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inhibitory control can be affected by stressful situations, which may increase the likelihood of slips of the tongue.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tourette's syndrome is characterized solely by uncontrollable movements without any relevance to inhibitory control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome both exhibit ego-dystonic behaviors.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reading a word requires inhibitory control unlike identifying the color of the written word.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The prefrontal cortex has no significant connection to subcortical regions regarding behavior control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A disruption in the neural connectivity between the frontal and subcortical regions does not impact task performance requiring inhibitory control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortical lesions can lead to behaviors that are not interpreted as distressing or inappropriate by affected individuals.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Stroop effect is an example of a task that requires inhibitory control.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inhibitory control does not fluctuate in healthy individuals under varying stress levels.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for visuospatial abilities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each individual has one dominant hemisphere that can be trained to be stronger.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphological asymmetries in the brain justify functional asymmetries.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The belief that the left hemisphere is dominant for all functions has been accepted for over 40 years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Historical studies suggested that aphasia was first observed with lesions in the right hemisphere.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The current understanding states there is a dominant hemisphere for various functions, particularly language.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Studies show consistent lateralization and function dominance across all patients.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only the left hemisphere is responsible for managing memory functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mood disorders are more difficult to assess than cognitive disorders.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Working memory for verbal information is primarily associated with the right hemisphere.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive flexibility allows individuals to switch between different tasks or thoughts effectively.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients experiencing deficits in inhibitory control may still be aware of appropriate behavioral norms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive functions, once impaired, cannot be recovered by the other hemisphere after surgery.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An increase in mood disorders following surgery can be predicted by assessing cognitive deficits.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with cognitive flexibility problems can easily change their strategies when faced with new problems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inhibitory control refers to the ability to refrain from inappropriate behaviors and thoughts.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotional aspects of brain function have received ample attention in neurology over the years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hemispheric Specialization: Language

The left hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for language abilities, including speech, writing, and understanding language.

Hemispheric Specialization: Visuospatial Abilities

The right hemisphere of the brain plays a crucial role in visuospatial abilities, such as processing visual information, spatial reasoning, and understanding spatial relationships.

Dominant Hemisphere: Misconception

The idea that one hemisphere is dominant over the other is a misconception. While different hemispheres specialize in different functions, neither is universally dominant.

Brain Plasticity

The brain is highly adaptable. It allows us to learn and improve skills, including those that are typically associated with a certain hemisphere.

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Language Areas: Broca's and Wernicke's

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are two key regions in the left hemisphere that play a role in language production and comprehension.

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Morphological Asymmetry: Temporal Lobe

The left temporal lobe is typically larger than the right temporal lobe, which may contribute to the specialization of the left hemisphere for language.

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Right Hemisphere: Language Contribution

While the left hemisphere is often the more dominant for language, the right hemisphere contributes to language processing, especially for things like intonation and emotional tone.

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Awake Craniotomy

A type of brain surgery where the patient is awake and responsive during the procedure, allowing surgeons to test and map brain function.

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Right Hemisphere: Not Truly 'Non-Dominant'

The concept of a 'non-dominant' hemisphere is outdated and inaccurate, as both hemispheres are crucial for various functions.

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Longitudinal Fasciculus

A bundle of nerve fibers connecting the frontal and parietal lobes, particularly important for spatial awareness and attention.

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Intravenous Stimulation

Testing different areas of the brain by applying electrical stimulation during awake craniotomy, allowing the location of specific functions to be mapped.

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Left Hemisphere: Temporal Lobe Size

The larger size of the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere, often correlated with language dominance.

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Temporary Syndrome Induction

Disrupting the normal function of specific white matter tracts by electrical stimulation during awake craniotomy.

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Dorsal Attention Network

The ability to focus on specific information while ignoring distractions, and the network involved in this process.

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Right Hemisphere Functions

The right hemisphere plays a significant role in visual perception, spatial awareness, and other functions, challenging the old notion of a 'dominant' left hemisphere.

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Cerebral Lateralization

The study of how functions in the brain are localized to specific regions of the hemispheres.

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Cognitive Flexibility

The ability to shift attention between two or more tasks or sets of information. For example, switching between digits and letters in a sequence.

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Working Memory

The ability to hold information in mind and manipulate it, such as remembering a list of items or performing mental calculations.

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Social Cognition

The ability to understand and interpret the thoughts, feelings, and intentions of others. For example, recognizing someone's sadness based on their facial expression and understanding why they might be feeling that way.

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Emotional Recognition

A component of social cognition that focuses on recognizing emotions based on visual cues like facial expressions and body language.

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Mentalizing

A deeper level of social cognition involving interpreting behavior and understanding the mental state behind actions and emotions. Trying to figure out why someone is feeling a particular emotion.

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Executive functions

The ability to control and monitor our behavior, including actions, thoughts, and even feelings.

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Inhibitory control

The ability to stop oneself from doing or thinking something, even if it's tempting or habitual.

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Inhibitory control deficit

Having difficulties with inhibiting unwanted actions or thoughts.

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Cognitive flexibility problems

Inability to efficiently switch between tasks or adapt to new information.

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Executive function impairment

Problems in executive functions can impact daily life, affecting work, relationships, and overall well-being.

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Brain Hemispheric Function

Both the left and right hemispheres of the brain play a major role in many functions besides language and visuospatial abilities.

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Non-cognitive aspects of brain function

Mood disorders and emotional issues are often overlooked in neurology.

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Post-surgery emotional changes

Surgery to remove a part of the brain can affect not just cognitive abilities but also mood and emotions.

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Freudian Slip

A phenomenon where a person unintentionally reveals their true thoughts or feelings through slips of the tongue or other seemingly accidental actions.

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Tourette Syndrome

A neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements, vocalizations, and sometimes obsessive-compulsive behaviors.

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Unconscious Thought

An unconscious or unintentional thought that can influence our actions and behaviors.

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Stroop Effect

A cognitive process requiring the ability to ignore irrelevant information to focus on the task at hand. It is an example of inhibitory control.

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Disrupted Cortical-Subcortical Connectivity

A disruption in the communication between the prefrontal cortex (responsible for executive functions) and subcortical structures, particularly the basal ganglia, impacting motor control and inhibitory control.

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Ego-Dystonic

A behavior or thought perceived by the individual as unwanted, intrusive, and distressing, despite recognizing its inappropriateness.

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Brain Tumor Resection

A specific type of brain surgery where the neurosurgeon removes a tumor. The process requires waking up the patient to assess their cognitive functions and ensure crucial areas are not affected during surgery.

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Prefrontal Cortex

The part of the brain largely responsible for planning, decision-making, and controlling voluntary movements.

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Basal Ganglia

A group of subcortical structures that play a critical role in motor control, learning, and habit formation.

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Study Notes

Hemispheric Specialization

  • Brain hemispheres are not equally specialized for all functions; there's no single dominant hemisphere.
  • Historically, the left hemisphere was considered dominant due to its association with language; however, this is a simplification.
  • Modern understanding of hemispheric specialization highlights the right hemisphere's crucial role in visuospatial abilities and the left's role in language.
  • Morphological differences exist; for example, the left temporal lobe is usually larger than the right.
  • Functional differences are correlated with anatomical differences.
  • While the left hemisphere exhibits consistent dominance for language, specialization for other functions is less clear.

Visuospatial and Language Deficits

  • Language deficits are more frequent after left hemisphere resection.
  • Visuospatial deficits are more frequent after right hemisphere resection.
  • Other cognitive functions are not strictly linked to a specific hemisphere.
  • Both hemispheres are essential for non-lateralized functions, allowing for functional recovery after unilateral resection.

Executive Functions

  • Executive functions encompass inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility.
  • Inhibitory control refers to the ability to suppress unwanted thoughts and behaviors.
  • Working memory involves maintaining and manipulating information mentally, with visuospatial working memory linked to the right hemisphere and verbal working memory to the left.
  • Cognitive flexibility allows for switching between tasks and ideas.

Neurological Assessments During Surgery

  • Awake procedures involve stimulating brain areas to assess their functions during surgery.
  • Stimulation can induce temporary deficits, highlighting specific areas' roles.
  • Testing for executive functions during surgery (e.g., Stroop effect, alternating digits/letters) can pinpoint areas affecting inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.
  • Working memory assessment involves tasks measuring verbal and visuospatial retention.

Social Cognition

  • Social cognition involves understanding others' thoughts and feelings.
  • Two levels of social cognition: basic emotional recognition (e.g., facial expressions) and mentalizing (understanding intentions, complex thoughts).
  • Tests evaluating social cognition can be integrated in surgery to assess patients' social cognition skills.
  • Tests for social cognition involve recognizing emotions in facial expressions, interpreting context or reasons behind the emotion, or reasoning about characters' behaviours.
  • Social cognitive impairment can lead to misinterpretations and difficulties in social interactions.

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Description

Explore the complexities of hemispheric specialization in the brain through this quiz. Understand the roles of the left and right hemispheres in language and visuospatial abilities, and learn about the implications of hemispheric resection on cognitive functions.

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