Cognition Exam 3 Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is specifically linked to a significant decline in thiamine due to poor diet and alcoholism?

  • Alzheimer's Disease
  • Huntington's Disease
  • Anterograde Amnesia
  • Korsakoff's Syndrome (correct)

What is a potential outcome for an individual suffering from severe Korsakoff's syndrome?

  • They can never learn anything new
  • They will improve their memory over time
  • They can learn to play new selections on the piano (correct)
  • They will remember all past events clearly

How might a person with medial temporal amnesia respond when asked to remember a specific word related to a category?

  • They may say a related word instead (correct)
  • They will remember the word but have trouble with details
  • They will forget the category altogether
  • They will accurately remember the word regardless of time

What neurological degeneration characterizes Huntington's disease?

<p>Deterioration of the basal ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive symptom is typical in someone with Huntington's disease?

<p>An impairment of response generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is likely to increase recall of the fourth trigram in a distracter task?

<p>Using a different category for recall cues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When asked to generate animals, how might someone with Alzheimer's disease respond regarding previously encountered words?

<p>They would struggle to remember terms they learned earlier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia prevents new information from being formed after an event?

<p>Anterograde amnesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a one-minute task to name countries, when will a person report the most names?

<p>In the first 20 seconds of the minute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might a person with Korsakoff's syndrome find challenging despite learning new skills?

<p>Recalling detailed past events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which secondary cue is likely to be most effective for recalling cities?

<p>Naming sports franchises associated with the cities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a recall task involving the 50 states, which group is expected to perform better?

<p>Students recalling states from list B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by poor performance on exams after undergoing ECT?

<p>Anterograde amnesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Korsakoff's Syndrome?

<p>It is often associated with chronic alcohol abuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is more likely if you try recalling people you met in a large group over five days?

<p>Your recall is likely to diminish significantly after each attempt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In trials involving word trigrams, which condition affects performance positively on trial five?

<p>Changing the category of words from previous trials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generally happens to the recall of the most recent targets in a distracter task over successive trials?

<p>The probability of recalling recent targets decreases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cue is likely to enhance recall of earlier targets in a distracter task?

<p>Specific retrieval cues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely observed during free recall of a large category of items over time?

<p>Clusters of related instances are generated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does providing a cue after 30 seconds of recall effort have on performance?

<p>Performance is likely to improve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What usually happens to recall of animal names when a large number of them are initially presented?

<p>Recall of remaining animal names decreases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is indicated to influence reaction time when testing immediate recognition of up to six targets and letters?

<p>Set size for responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be counted to measure recognition accurately?

<p>The number of targets reported as old and the number of distracters reported as old (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After visiting a natural history museum, on which day is a visitor likely to remember the most dinosaurs?

<p>On the day of the visit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome of trying to recall instances over prolonged periods?

<p>Clusters with decreasing frequency occur. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in both hits and false alarms suggest when responding to an incentive?

<p>A shift in response criterion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study with 24 photos, how many of the classmates were correctly identified by alumni?

<p>12 classmates and 0 strangers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of recall, what is the implication of generating clusters of instances?

<p>Clusters help in narrowing down related instances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the amnesia-producing drug Midazolam on recognition performance for low versus high frequency words?

<p>Eliminated difference in hits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary variable manipulated in the experiment involving 200 or 400 pictures?

<p>Number of pictures presented (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the performance on recognition tasks when pictures are shown at a rate of one every 5 seconds?

<p>Performance was perfect or almost perfect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect affects response time to a probe when based on perceived recency?

<p>The size of the study set for targets or distracters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference in reasoning between novices and experts?

<p>Novices often explore problems superficially. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is someone's reasoning considered functionally fixed?

<p>Using a knife to pick up food when no fork is available. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is likely damaged if a first-year college student struggles with organizing assignments?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does knowledge of college physics influence students' reasoning?

<p>It enhances their intuitions about motion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which version of a deductive reasoning problem is often considered easier to solve?

<p>Concrete version (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intelligence often defined as?

<p>A general ability to perform cognitive tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could lead to an incorrect conclusion about men and reptiles?

<p>Invalid premises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding visual imagery and reading?

<p>High imagery sentences take longer to verify than low imagery sentences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abilities decline past the third decade of life according to cross-sectional studies?

<p>Processing speed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been observed regarding scores on intelligence tests over the last 80 years?

<p>They have increased around the world. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the triarchic theory of intelligence?

<p>Emotional intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might two familiar objects be perceived as more similar compared to two unfamiliar objects?

<p>There are more dissimilar features recalled for them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is preferred by officers when considering the success of a combat plan?

<p>A plan that ensures survival for most soldiers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a college athlete is deemed likely to become a high school coach instead of just a teacher, which concept explains this perception?

<p>Representativeness heuristic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a loud alarm in a casino have on players regarding the likelihood of winning?

<p>It increases the perceived likelihood of winning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive bias might lead someone to believe a local athlete will likely become a coach?

<p>Representativeness heuristic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most impactful factor affecting reaction time to probes based on perceived recency?

<p>The size of the set for targets or distracters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two aspects must be counted to accurately measure recognition performance?

<p>The number of hits reported and the number of false alarms recorded (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a simultaneous increase in hits and false alarms suggest in response to an incentive?

<p>There is a shift in response criterion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key effect of the amnesia-inducing drug Midazolam on recognition performance for different frequency words?

<p>It eliminated the difference in hits for low versus high frequency words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study involving 24 photos, how many strangers were correctly identified by alumni?

<p>0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of recognition performance was observed when students were shown pictures at a rate of one every 5 seconds?

<p>Perfect or nearly perfect performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of targets and distracters in terms of recognition measurement?

<p>Both targets and distracters affect recognition outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the observed effect of extensive practice on reaction times when testing immediate recognition of targets and letters?

<p>A linear function of set size for response times (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could result from a combination of poor eating and excessive alcohol consumption?

<p>Wernicke's phase of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential skill that a patient with Korsakoff syndrome may be able to learn?

<p>Play the piano (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive function is most impaired in individuals with Huntington's disease?

<p>Verbal fluency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognition would likely be affected in a person with medial temporal amnesia when it comes to recalling animals?

<p>Ability to remember newly learned animal names (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is primarily damaged in Alzheimer's disease, leading to various cognitive symptoms?

<p>Temporal cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a common misconception regarding a person's ability to recall the word 'diamond' when asked to name gemstones?

<p>They will likely recall it if prompted with other gem stones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected outcome for a person with Alzheimer's disease when trying to recall previously encountered words?

<p>A tendency to incorrectly assert knowledge of unfamiliar words (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge might a person who has suffered from Korsakoff syndrome face while learning a new skill?

<p>Retrieving memories about the skill even after learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the result concerning false alarms when comparing high frequency words in recognition tests?

<p>The difference in false alarms remained the same. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor affects the recognition of words when time to respond is limited?

<p>The subject's ability to quickly decide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the assurance of a perpetrator's presence in a line-up impact false alarms?

<p>It increases the likelihood of false alarms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In recognition tests involving pictures, what was the impact of the number of pictures shown to students on their performance?

<p>Recognition performance was perfect regardless of the number of pictures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is likely to enhance the recognition of a word from a study list?

<p>Having unlimited time to decide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the presentation rate of pictures during the recognition test for students?

<p>One picture every five seconds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key implication of generating clusters of instances during recall tasks?

<p>It facilitates better organization of information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is likely to influence a witness's decision during a line-up identification task?

<p>Assurances from law enforcement regarding the perpetrator's presence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best strategy to reduce false alarms in eyewitness line-up identifications?

<p>Tell the eyewitness the perpetrator may not be present (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a situation where both 'lad' and 'boy' are on a study list, what might affect recognition between the two under different time conditions?

<p>The amount of time given to respond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the verification of imagery statements?

<p>Reading interferes with the verification of high imagery statements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is more likely to have intuitive misconceptions about motion due to their knowledge in college physics?

<p>Students with limited exposure to physics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the success of abstract versus concrete versions of deductive reasoning problems?

<p>Concrete problems are easier for most individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question would most likely be difficult for someone with Williams syndrome to answer?

<p>How tall are you? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about primates is valid and true given the premises 'All men are humans' and 'All humans are primates'?

<p>All men are primates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does reading low versus high imagery statements affect?

<p>The verification speed of the statements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What abilities are observed to decline past the third decade of life?

<p>Processing speed and memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components constitute the triarchic theory of intelligence?

<p>Analytical, practical, and creative intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general trend observed regarding intelligence test scores over the last 80 years?

<p>Scores have increased for all ethnic groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might two familiar objects be perceived as having both greater similarity and dissimilarity than two unfamiliar objects?

<p>More features can be recalled for familiar objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do officers prefer when evaluating a combat plan for troop survival?

<p>A plan that prioritizes the survival of a smaller unit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive heuristic is likely influencing the belief that a college athlete will become a coach?

<p>Representativeness heuristic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a loud alarm in a casino affect players' perceptions of winning?

<p>It increases the perceived likelihood of winning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically suggested by an increased likelihood of a local athlete becoming a coach over merely a teacher?

<p>The athlete fits a specific stereotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the difficulty of recalling recent targets during successive trials of a distracter task?

<p>It becomes more difficult as cues increase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of clusters are generated when recalling instances from a large category?

<p>Clusters that show decreasing frequency as recall continues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected performance in recalling instances from a category when a cue is provided after a delay?

<p>Performance may improve compared to no cue condition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When recalling animal names after being provided with numerous names, what is the most probable outcome?

<p>Recall of remaining names will decrease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After visiting a natural history museum, when is a person most likely to remember the most dinosaurs observed?

<p>On the day of the visit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a distracter task, which factor is likely to enhance recall for the fourth trigram?

<p>Prompting related previous targets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When trying to recall animals after a lengthy period without cues, what kind of objects are likely to be generated?

<p>Clusters that contain related instances from earlier thoughts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to occur when recalling instances of a large category after an extended time?

<p>A decline in the frequency of successfully recalled instances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anterograde amnesia cause

Brain injury can cause anterograde amnesia.

Korsakoff's Syndrome & Alcoholism

Korsakoff's Syndrome often involves alcohol abuse combined with poor nutrition, causing thiamine deficiency.

Medial Temporal Amnesia

Memory issues concerning specific episodic memories, which could include recalling details from the past.

Korsakoff's Syndrome & Learning

Despite severe damage, individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome retain the ability to learn new skills, like playing the piano.

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Alzheimer's Disease & Recall

Alzheimer's disease impairs the ability to recall specific words, even when asked to generate related words, like "leopard."

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Huntington's Disease & Deterioration

Huntington's disease targets the basal ganglia, causing its deterioration.

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Huntington's Disease Symptoms

Symptoms of Huntington's disease include difficulties with motor actions, speech, recall, while recognition stays normal.

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Medial Temporal Amnesia - Specific Memory

In Medial Temporal Amnesia, the ability to remember recent events is impaired, while the ability to recall far-off memories or skills may remain intact.

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Reaction Time (RT) as a linear function of set size

When identifying targets and letters (one to six), reaction time increases linearly with the number of items in the set, after extensive practice.

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Recency-based response bias

A response to a probe is based on how recently the probe was presented, rather than the actual presence of the probe in the set.

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Measuring recognition in memory tasks

Recognition is measured by counting both the number of targets and distractors reported as old.

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Shift in criterion

An increase or decrease in both hits and false alarms in response to an incentive suggests a change in the decision rule used to classify items as target or distractor.

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Classmate discrimination task

Participants were asked to select former classmates from a set of photos also containing strangers.

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Midazolam's effect on word recognition

The amnesia-inducing drug Midazolam eliminated the difference in recognition performance between high-frequency and low-frequency words.

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Recognition performance influenced by image type and count

Recognition performance for indoor or outdoor scenes varied depending on the number of pictures (200 or 400) tested and was either perfect or almost perfect.

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Recognition performance with 24 photos

Observers successfully discriminated between classmates and strangers from a set of 24 photos, with participants selecting only classmates.

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Distracter task recall

In a distracter task involving word trigrams, recall performance is typically best for the 5th trial, which presents a different category compared to prior trials.

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Recall cue for trigrams

To enhance recall of a word trigram, utilize a specific cue relevant to the trigram, ensuring the cue is meaningful and impactful.

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Maximum name generation

Generating the maximum number of names, such as countries, is achieved in a shorter timeframe, ideally within a minute.

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Effective cue for generating cities

Utilizing related concepts, like sports franchises, as cues can enhance the generation of city names.

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State recall list effect

When recalling items (e.g., states) categorized into a list (e.g., list A, list B), the recall rate is higher for the second list (often list B).

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Recalling people over time

Memory recall for a list of people met at one time improves when the recall attempt occurs regularly (e.g., daily) during the following days.

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ECT and anterograde amnesia

Electric shock therapy (ECT) can potentially contribute to a milder case of anterograde amnesia, impeding the ability to create new memories.

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Korsakoff's Syndrome

Korsakoff's syndrome is a condition involving memory impairment. The details of exactly what is true about this syndrome are not provided in the text provided.

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Novice Problem Solving

Novices tend to consider similar problems when faced with a new one.

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Expert Chess Player

Experts explore a few moves deeply, unlike novices.

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Prefrontal Cortex Damage

Difficulties with organization, time management, and completing tasks can suggest prefrontal cortex damage.

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Functional Fixedness

Inability to think of alternative uses for an object.

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William's Syndrome

A condition often associated with an unusual perception of objects and their dimensions.

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Largest Animal Task

In comparing two animals sizes, humans react fastest when presented with the larger animal on the right side.

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Validity of Reasoning

If all men are humans and all humans are reptiles, then all men are reptiles is considered invalid and false.

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Visual Imagery in Sentences

Sentences with visual imagery take longer to validate when read compared to when heard.

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Distractor task recall difficulty

Recalling recent items within a task becomes harder as more items are added (distractors).

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Trigram recall cue

A cue that helps recall the last item in a series of items (e.g. words) presented in a task involving distractors.

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Free recall of large categories

Recalling many instances of a large category results in clusters of items, with increasingly fewer items recalled as the recall continues.

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Category recall improvement cue

Providing a cue related to the category can improve recall, especially when you've already had time to try recalling items.

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Providing many examples' effect on recall

Giving many examples before recall generally makes future recall of the remaining examples decline.

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Recent memory fading

The ability to recall recent events decreases over time due to distractions or other intervening events.

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Optimal recall timing

Recall is generally maximized soon after initial exposure and then starts to deteriorate.

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Recall ability in an event

After study or exposure to many items, future recall is likely to decline over time.

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Processing Speed Decline

After age 30, mental speed, like reacting to things quickly, diminishes.

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Intelligence Test Scores

Intelligence test scores have risen globally across all groups and abilities over the last 80 years.

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Triarchic Theory Components

This theory of intelligence has three parts: analytical, practical, and creative intelligence.

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Similarity & Familiarity

Familiar things can be judged differently similar/dissimilar than unfamiliar things, with more dissimilar features recalled for familiar items.

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Combat Plan Survival

Military leaders prioritize a plan ensuring the survival of half the soldiers over a plan with equal chance of all soldiers surviving.

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Representativeness Heuristic

Judging a college athlete's future career as a high school coach and teacher instead of a teacher is influenced by this mental shortcut.

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Availability Heuristic

A loud alarm in a casino increases the perception that someone has won, which influences the belief of future winnings.

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Perceived Likelihood of Winning

A casino alarm encourages gambling as the alarm makes the event of winning more vivid and thus increasing the estimation of winning.

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Recognition Test with High Frequency Words

When high-frequency words are eliminated from a recognition test, the overall accuracy of the test remains the same, but the difference in false alarms stays constant.

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Recognition Test Accuracy and Distractors

In a recognition test where participants are presented with a pair of pictures, one from the study set and the other a distractor, recognition performance in terms of correctly identifying the study picture is very high, almost perfect, in all conditions.

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Word Recognition Speed

When people are presented with a list of words and asked to report if they were on the study list, they respond faster to a word shown more often, even with a time limit.

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False Alarm Rate in Eyewitness Testimony

When an eyewitness is assured that the perpetrator is in a lineup, the likelihood of making a false identification (identifying an innocent person) increases.

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Midazolam's Effect on Recognition

Midazolam, an amnesia-inducing drug, eliminates the difference in recognition performance between high-frequency and low-frequency words.

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Recognition and Image Type

The type of image (indoor or outdoor scene) and the number of pictures (200 or 400) presented in a recognition test can affect recognition performance.

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Recognition Performance with Classmates

Participants were able to correctly identify their classmates from a set of photos containing both classmates and strangers.

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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, often linked to chronic alcoholism and poor nutrition. It manifests in two phases: Wernicke's encephalopathy (acute, reversible) and Korsakoff's psychosis (chronic, irreversible) with severe memory impairment and confabulation.

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Huntington's Disease & Basal Ganglia

Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder, primarily affects the basal ganglia, leading to its deterioration. This causes motor impairments and cognitive deficits.

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Alzheimer's Disease & Temporal Cortex

Alzheimer's disease causes damage to the temporal cortex, affecting memory functions and leading to symptoms like confusion, disorientation, and language difficulties.

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Huntington's Disease & Recall Impairment

People with Huntington's disease have difficulty with recall, making them struggle to remember specific information or events.

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Linear Function of Set Size

When identifying targets and letters (one to six), reaction time increases linearly with the number of items in the set, after extensive practice.

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Measuring Recognition

Recognition is measured by counting both the number of targets and distractors reported as old.

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Midazolam's Effect

The amnesia-inducing drug Midazolam eliminated the difference in recognition performance between high-frequency and low-frequency words.

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Recognition Performance Varied

Recognition performance for indoor or outdoor scenes varied depending on the number of pictures (200 or 400) tested and was either perfect or almost perfect.

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Reaction Time Linear Function

The reaction time for recognizing targets and letters is a linear function of the set size, meaning it increases proportionally with the number of items.

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Distracter Task

A task where participants must focus on a specific target while ignoring distracting information.

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Recall Difficulty in Distracter Tasks

The more distractors presented in a task, the harder it becomes to recall the most recent target.

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Cue for Trigram Recall

A specific cue related to a trigram (a group of three letters) can improve recall.

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Cue for Category Recall Improvement

Providing a cue related to a category can improve recall performance, especially after trying to recall items without a cue.

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Effect of Providing Many Examples During Recall

Giving numerous examples before recall generally leads to a decrease in recall performance of the remaining examples.

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Recognition Task

A memory test where participants identify items they've seen before from a set including both old and new items.

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False Alarm

When someone incorrectly identifies a new item as being old in a recognition task.

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Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions. Example: If all men are humans and all humans are mammals, then all men are mammals.

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Imagery Statements

Sentences that evoke vivid mental images. For example, 'The red ball is on the blue table' is easier to visualize than 'A mammal is an animal.'

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Intelligence Test Scores Rise

Over the last 80 years, scores on intelligence tests have been steadily increasing worldwide, across all ethnic groups and skill levels.

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Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

This theory suggests that intelligence has three components: analytical intelligence (problem-solving), practical intelligence (real-world application), and creative intelligence (new ideas).

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Familiar vs. Unfamiliar Similarity

We judge familiar things as both more similar and more dissimilar than unfamiliar things. Familiar things have more features to recall, leading to both shared and contrasting aspects.

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Study Notes

Cognition Exam 3 - Study Notes

  • Anterograde amnesia: Can be caused by brain injury combined with poor nutrition (thiamine deficiency), often from alcoholism.

  • Korsakoff's Syndrome: Characterized by poor memory, difficulty remembering recent events, and potentially learning new things. Symptoms worsen when severe, lasting greater than 8 years. Patients may repeat responses or have difficulty recalling information, but may still be able to learn new material, and improve performance in some areas.

  • Medial temporal amnesia: A few minutes later, a patient may incorrectly recall Phoenix as an answer for a question of cities.

  • Alzheimer's disease: A patient, when asked to recall the word "leopard", will show little to no increase in recalling the word, even if they are asked soon after.

  • Huntington's Disease: The deterioration of the basal ganglia causes symptoms such as impaired response generation including motor actions, speech, and recall.

  • Alzheimer's disease: Associated with plaques and tangles in the cortex.

  • Infant Mobile Recognition: A 3-month-old infant responds to a mobile kick, when prompted with the same mobile after 72 hours.

  • Reaction Time (RT): Linear increase with set size when recognition of digits (1-6) is tested.

  • Recognition vs. Recall: Changed recognition criteria impacts results.

  • Grade School Classmates: College students identify former grade school classmates best using 100 photos, split into recognized and unrecognized categories.

  • Midazolam: Drugs affect recognition, especially frequencies of word recall.

  • Eyewitness Lineups: Probability of false alarms increases regardless of whether the perpetrator is present or not.

  • Word Trigrams: Better recall on the fifth trial compared to other trials if the word trigrams are from different categories.

  • Recall of Countries: Reporting names of all countries in 20 seconds leads to high recall.

  • Effective Cues: Cues like recalling secondary information (sports franchises) help recall cities better than just basic city names.

  • Recalling People: Ability to recall people from a night's event increases after 5 days.

  • Electric Shock Therapy (ECT): Can cause problems with memory and learning, leading to a mild case of anterograde amnesia.

  • William's Syndrome: Questions about height are often harder for patients with Williams syndrome to answer.

  • Cognitive Reflection Task: Reveals a tendency to accept obvious answers without full evaluation.

  • Illusion of Explanatory Depth: Claiming understanding without clear explanation of how things work (e.g. airplane flight).

  • False Memories: Memory may be influenced by post-event information (for example, remembering an event better if told about it later—in an experiment context.)

  • College Knowledge Retention: Recall of academic material is likely to remain accurate many years after college.

  • Flashbulb Memories: Relatively accurate for memorable, unique events; however, they may not be 100% accurate.

  • Fugue State: Period where a person loses their identity (and does not remember events prior to the loss of identity).

  • Amnesia / Confabulation: Damage to the temporal lobe leads to confabulation (making up memories).

  • Children's Storytelling: Children under four years old cannot construct and tell stories or tell complete memories.

  • Expert vs. Novice Chess Players: Experts spend more time carefully evaluating fewer potential moves.

  • Brain Damage/Everyday Tasks: Someone with prefrontal cortex damage will have problems with daily tasks, like organizing their materials.

  • Functional Fixedness: The inability to utilize objects in novel ways (e.g., using a knife to pick up food instead of a fork).

  • Visual Imagery/Words: Visual imagery words take longer to verify than words involving non-visual details (e.g. "hear").

  • Deductive Reasoning: Concrete versions of problems are easier for people than abstract versions.

  • Intelligence: Defined as the ability to perform cognitive tasks.

  • Cross-sectional Studies: Results suggest processing speed, working memory, and verbal learning declines after the third decade of life.

  • Intelligence Tests: Scores have increased over time across various groups.

  • Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: Features three elements: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

  • Familiarity and Recall: Judgment of familiarity and similarity can impact recognition of two similar or two dissimilar things.

  • Decision Making in Combat: Choosing the best course of action (e.g., combat strategy) relies on various elements.

  • Representativeness Heuristic: Judging similarities between familiar things more quickly than unfamiliar things.

  • Availability Heuristic: The potential for an event will be perceived as more likely if more or easier-to-access examples are available.

  • Academic Material: People will often recall academic material for a longer time period than some other unrelated memories, or memories from work (depending on the memory subject).

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Cognition Exam 3 PDF Past Paper

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Prepare for Exam 3 in your Cognition course with these comprehensive study notes. This resource covers key concepts such as anterograde amnesia, Alzheimer's disease, and Korsakoff's Syndrome. Understand the mechanisms of memory impairment and the types of amnesia for better exam performance.

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