Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Symptoms
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of screening for falls risk?

  • To increase the number of hospital admissions
  • To improve the quality of life of older people (correct)
  • To reduce the physical and mental health of older people
  • To encourage older adults to report falls to their doctors

    • What age group is generally considered as older adults?

  • Over 55
  • Over 70
  • Over 60
  • Over 65 (correct)

    • How can sensitivity to falls risk be increased?

  • By asking only one question about falls in the past year
  • By performing a fall severity assessment (correct)
  • By not considering common risk factors for falls
  • By not assessing injuries caused by falls

    • Why might it be necessary to identify falls on an opportunistic basis?

    <p>To prevent further injuries caused by falling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of orthostatic hypotension according to the American Neurological Association?

    <p>A fall in systolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the timed get up and go test (TUG) measure?

    <p>Gait and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the psychological assessment include in a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)?

    <p>Assessment of cognition and mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)?

    <p>To assess multiple issues influencing an older adult's health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a multifactorial falls risk assessment (MFRA)?

    <p>To evaluate any medical, social, psychological, and environmental factors that may contribute to a person's risk of falling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing gait and balance during a falls risk assessment?

    <p>To observe the older person's ability to walk and maintain balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to ask questions related to dizziness and unsteadiness during a falls risk assessment?

    <p>To diagnose syncope or near syncope causing falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the focus of cognitive testing during a falls risk assessment?

    <p>Assessment for neurocognitive disorders such as delirium, depression, and dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain is included in the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)?

    <p>Pain assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Proactive Care involve?

    <p>Assessing and evaluating individual's needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Frailty in older adults refer to?

    <p>Diminished physiologic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Personalised Care Planning?

    <p>Collaboratively setting goals and actions with the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a Geriatrician or Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT) in the context of CGA?

    <p>Providing input when requested by the GP for complex cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key processes and structures that support the implementation and maximise the impact of CGA?

    <p>Access to joint health and social care funding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which professionals are part of the core team in a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) program?

    <p>Physician, nurse, and social worker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the model employed by GPs who have adopted a CGA based proactive model of care for their elderly patients?

    <p>Virtual team concept with input from appropriate extended team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Personalised Care Plan in the context of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)?

    <p>To accommodate the individual’s personal goals and facilitate tailored care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to undertake a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment fully within the constraints of most current GP practices?

    <p>The time required, which may take up to two hours to complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of CGA based record-keeping in the context of frail and aged individuals?

    <p>It centralizes data required for personalized care of the frail and aged individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of paper templates in the context of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)?

    <p>To facilitate easy retrieval and central availability of data necessary for CGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is more affected by aging than verbal cognition according to the text?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred brain imaging technique to predict progression from MCI to Alzheimer disease (AD) according to the text?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acronym for the rapid assessment test for delirium mentioned in the text?

    <p>4AT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MCI stand for in the context of the text?

    <p>Mild Cognitive Impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a functional assessment mentioned in the text?

    <p>To assess meal preparation and nursing care needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) from Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)?

    <p>IADLs are more complex skills, while ADLs are basic self-care tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment tool is specifically designed for screening cognitive dysfunction secondary to dementia, delirium, or a range of neurological and psychiatric illnesses?

    <p>Clock Drawing Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What elements are contingent upon successful aging as per the text?

    <p>Avoiding disease and disability, sustaining high cognitive and physical function, and engaging with life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for delirium?

    <p>Mild illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common presentation of delirium?

    <p>Visual hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mnemonic is useful for reviewing possible causes for delirium?

    <p>PINCHES ME</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of delirium in older people with pre-existing cognitive impairment?

    <p>Medical disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be suspected in the presence of an acute confusional state, change in perception, change in physical function, and change in social behavior?

    <p>Delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might patients with delirium often be labeled as?

    <p>&quot;Generally unwell&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be borne in mind when approaching the diagnosis and management of patients who do not meet all the criteria for a diagnosis of delirium?

    <p>Other relevant diagnoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of delirium in older people, especially those with pre-existing cognitive impairment?

    <p>'Several factors contributing to delirium'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prevention and Management of Falls in Older Adults

    • The purpose of screening for falls risk is to identify older adults who are at risk of falling.
    • Older adults are generally considered to be individuals aged 65 and above.
    • Sensitivity to falls risk can be increased by using a combination of screening tools and assessments.
    • Opportunistic identification of falls is necessary because falls can occur at any time and may not be reported by the older adult.

    Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)

    • The purpose of a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) is to identify and address the medical, social, and functional needs of older adults.
    • A multifactorial falls risk assessment (MFRA) is a key component of a CGA.
    • The purpose of an MFRA is to identify and address the multiple risk factors that contribute to falls.
    • Assessing gait and balance during a falls risk assessment is important because gait and balance impairments are major risk factors for falls.
    • Asking questions related to dizziness and unsteadiness during a falls risk assessment is important because these symptoms can indicate a higher risk of falls.
    • The focus of cognitive testing during a falls risk assessment should be on identifying potential cognitive impairments that may contribute to falls risk.

    Additional Components of CGA

    • The psychological assessment in a CGA includes an assessment of cognitive function, mood, and behavior.
    • The purpose of a Personalised Care Plan is to provide individualized care and support to older adults based on their specific needs and goals.
    • The role of a Geriatrician or Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT) in the context of CGA is to coordinate and provide comprehensive care to older adults.
    • The core team in a CGA program typically includes a geriatrician, nurse, social worker, and other healthcare professionals.
    • The model employed by GPs who have adopted a CGA-based proactive model of care for their elderly patients involves a team-based approach to care.

    Cognitive Assessment and Delirium

    • Episodic memory is more affected by aging than verbal cognition.
    • The preferred brain imaging technique to predict progression from MCI to Alzheimer disease (AD) is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
    • The acronym for the rapid assessment test for delirium is 4AT.
    • MCI stands for Mild Cognitive Impairment.
    • The primary purpose of a functional assessment is to identify an individual's ability to perform daily tasks and activities.
    • Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) are distinguished from Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) in that they include more complex tasks such as managing finances and cooking.

    Delirium

    • The elements contingent upon successful aging are the absence of disease, high cognitive and physical function, and active engagement with life.
    • Delirium is not a risk factor for delirium.
    • A common presentation of delirium is a sudden onset of confusion, disorientation, and altered levels of consciousness.
    • The mnemonic "DELIRIUMS" is useful for reviewing possible causes for delirium.
    • The most common cause of delirium in older people with pre-existing cognitive impairment is infection.
    • In the presence of an acute confusional state, change in perception, change in physical function, and change in social behavior, delirium should be suspected.
    • Patients with delirium are often labeled as "confused" or "demented".
    • When approaching the diagnosis and management of patients who do not meet all the criteria for a diagnosis of delirium, the possibility of delirium should be borne in mind.
    • A common cause of delirium in older people, especially those with pre-existing cognitive impairment, is urinary tract infection.

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    Test your knowledge on the mild problems associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), including issues with memory, working memory, verbal and visuospatial abilities, and episodic memory.

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