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Cognition and Thinking Overview
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Cognition and Thinking Overview

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'cognition' refer to?

  • The set of all mental abilities related to knowledge (correct)
  • The observable behavior of individuals
  • The history of philosophical thought
  • The physical act of thinking

    • Which philosopher is known for the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'?

  • Aristotle
  • René Descartes (correct)
  • Immanuel Kant
  • Wilhelm Wundt

    • What aspect did Aristotle emphasize in his studies of cognition?

  • The need for empirical evidence (correct)
  • The role of unconscious thought processes
  • The importance of intuition in human thought
  • The abstract nature of knowledge

    • What is a key feature of human cognition?

    <p>It can occur unconsciously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered one of the founding figures of modern psychology?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognition allow humans to do in relation to knowledge?

    <p>Generate new knowledge through inference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of thinking is said to be intuitive?

    <p>It does not need to be consciously taught</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cognitive process?

    <p>Compulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Similarity Theory suggest about detecting target stimuli?

    <p>Targets that are highly similar to distracters are harder to detect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in the Guided Search Theory involves evaluating activated elements sequentially?

    <p>Serial stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Stroop effect primarily related to?

    <p>Slowed reaction time due to conflicting information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does selective attention play in processing stimuli?

    <p>It helps in focusing on certain stimuli while ignoring distractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the parallel stage of the Guided Search Theory?

    <p>Distinct mental representations of potential targets are activated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept involves tuning out unimportant details to focus on what matters?

    <p>Selective attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of delays does the Stroop effect demonstrate in cognitive processing?

    <p>Delays due to competing functions in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how the Similarity Theory relates to distraction?

    <p>Distracters that are similar to targets complicate detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a person's sense receptors pick up information?

    <p>Proximal stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question is associated with the process of sensation?

    <p>What are the qualities of stimulation?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon suggests that sensory information can be misinterpreted?

    <p>Perceptual illusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ambiguous images, what is mid-level vision responsible for?

    <p>Finding edges in the image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does top-down processing rely on when interpreting sensory information?

    <p>Previous knowledge and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes bottom-up processing?

    <p>Building perceptions from available sensory input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the Duck and Rabbit illusion demonstrate in terms of perception?

    <p>Multiple perceptions can arise from the same stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does perception generally encompass?

    <p>Organizing and interpreting sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Bottom-Up Theory in perception?

    <p>Initiating from specific details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Top-Down Theory?

    <p>Starts with a general understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Bottom-Up Theory differ in flexibility compared to Top-Down Theory?

    <p>Bottom-Up Theory is more adaptable to new information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does Top-Down Theory incorporate that Bottom-Up Theory does not?

    <p>Influence of cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the Direct Perception aspect of Bottom-Up Theories?

    <p>Sensory receptors provide all needed information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do templates play in Template Theories?

    <p>They allow for pattern recognition based on stored knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does Bottom-Up Theory primarily derive control over perception?

    <p>Driven by external stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Top-Down Theory?

    <p>Guided by expectations and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'false positive' signify in the context of vigilance?

    <p>Incorrectly identifying the presence of a target that is actually absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the performance of a lifeguard who does not see a drowning person?

    <p>False negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a search context, what is meant by the term 'distracters'?

    <p>Non-target stimuli that draw attention away from the target stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'display size effect' refer to?

    <p>The number of items in a given visual array affecting the search process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would a correct rejection indicate in a lifeguarding scenario?

    <p>The lifeguard accurately identifies that no one is in trouble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of vigilance?

    <p>It involves continuous attention to detect specific stimuli over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of distracters impact a search task?

    <p>They can hinder the efficiency of locating targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean to be vigilant?

    <p>To remain watchful for rare stimuli requiring immediate attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognition and Thinking

    • Cognition is the scientific term for thinking and encompasses all mental abilities and processes related to knowledge.
    • Cognition includes attention, memory, judgment, reasoning, problem solving, decision making, and other vital processes.
    • Human cognition occurs both consciously and unconsciously.
    • Cognition is intuitive; it occurs naturally as a part of being human.
    • Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and can generate new knowledge through logic and inference.

    Key Figures in the Study of Cognition

    • Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Laid the foundation for the study of human cognition, emphasizing empirical evidence.
    • René Descartes (1596–1650): Famous for the phrase "I think, therefore I am," suggesting that thinking proves our existence.
    • Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920): Considered a founding figure of modern psychology, focusing on the processes of sensation, perception, and cognition.

    Sensation, Perception, and Cognition

    • Sensation is the initial reception of sensory information by our receptors.
    • Perception is the organization and interpretation of sensory information, resulting in a conscious experience.
    • Cognitive processes use perceived information for further goals.

    Perceptual Illusions

    • Ambiguous images demonstrate that our perception can differ from what we sense.
    • The "Duck and Rabbit Illusion" highlights mid-level vision, where our brains group visual information based on edges.
    • Ambiguous images demonstrate that our perceptions are not always accurate representations of reality.

    Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Processing

    • Bottom-Up Processing: Perception starts with sensory input and builds up a larger understanding.
    • Top-Down Processing: Perception starts with existing knowledge and expectations, influencing the interpretation of sensory information.

    Theories of Perception

    • Direct Perception (Ecological Perception): Sensory information and context are sufficient for perception, without the need for cognitive processes.
    • Template Theories: We recognize patterns by comparing them to stored mental templates.

    Vigilance, Search, and Attention

    • Vigilance: Maintaining focused attention over time to detect a specific stimulus.
    • Search: Actively scanning the environment for a specific feature.
    • Distracters: Non-target stimuli that interfere with finding the target.

    Theories of Search Processes

    • Display Size Effect: The difficulty of search increases with more items in the visual field.
    • Similarity Theory: Search is harder when targets resemble distracters.
    • Guided Search Theory: Search involves two stages: parallel activation of potential targets and serial evaluation based on activation level.

    The Stroop Effect

    • The Stroop effect demonstrates the brain's slowed reaction time when encountering conflicting information.

    Selective Attention

    • Selective attention allows us to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring distractions.
    • This ability to filter information is crucial in managing limited cognitive resources.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of cognition and its relationship to thinking processes. This quiz covers key figures in cognitive psychology, including their contributions and theories. Test your knowledge on the distinctions between sensation, perception, and cognitive functions.

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