Cognition and Piaget's Cognitive Theory
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Questions and Answers

At what age do children typically recognize themselves in the mirror?

  • 8-10 months
  • 15-18 months (correct)
  • 20-24 months
  • 2-3 years

    • What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?

  • Shift to internal traits
  • Overestimation of abilities (correct)
  • Realistic about abilities
  • Focus on social roles

    • What is the opposite of egocentrism?

  • Self-concept
  • Empathy
  • Perspective taking (correct)
  • Self-awareness

    • According to Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers, what is an aspect of self-concept?

    <p>Self-worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically recognize their own photograph?

    <p>24-30 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, what is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>7-11 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of Piaget's theory?

    <p>He underestimated the impact of culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes self-concept in middle and late childhood?

    <p>Shift to internal traits and abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children typically describe themselves in early childhood?

    <p>Through behaviors and activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of a more knowledgeable other?

    <p>Upper limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of being good at perspective taking?

    <p>Popularity among peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea of Vygotsky's social constructivist theory of cognitive development?

    <p>The role of social and cultural interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an instructional technique in which a teacher provides individualized support?

    <p>Scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of cognitive development do children have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality?

    <p>Preoperational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of children in the Formal Operations stage?

    <p>They can think about hypothetical situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of language according to Vygotsky's theory?

    <p>It is a social tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognition according to Piaget?

    <p>The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Piaget call children?

    <p>Scientists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three basic components of Piaget's cognitive theory?

    <p>Schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assimilation in Piaget's theory?

    <p>The process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is egocentrism in Piaget's theory?

    <p>The inability to take another person's perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a child in the sensorimotor stage?

    <p>They explore the world through senses and motor activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a child in the preoperational stage?

    <p>They are pre-logical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?

    <p>Disequilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal self?

    <p>The kind of person you would like to be</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of self does the Intellectual Self deal with?

    <p>Intelligence and decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-efficacy?

    <p>Confidence in one's ability to exert control over motivation, behavior, and social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is morality?

    <p>Our understanding of the difference between right and wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moral dilemma?

    <p>An ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>How one's sense of right and wrong changes with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Punishment Obedience Orientation stage of moral development?

    <p>Consequences of acts determine whether they're good or bad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation stage of moral development?

    <p>Individuals' judgments of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality, according to Kohlberg's estimation?

    <p>20 to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of human babies that ensures their survival?

    <p>They are relatively helpless and need others to survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way infants show their attachment to their caregivers?

    <p>Through proximity-seeking behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what phase of attachment formation do infants display separation anxiety and stranger anxiety?

    <p>Specific, clear-cut attachments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attachment style is characterized by a lack of reaction to the mother's departure?

    <p>Type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?

    <p>Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the Czech twins studied by Koluchova?

    <p>They developed normally despite being isolated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?

    <p>Separation is a physical separation, while deprivation is an emotional break</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognition

    • Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
    • Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the most widely known, and it emphasizes the role of children as "scientists" who test and explore hypotheses about the world by reflecting on their experiences.

    Piaget's Cognitive Theory

    • Three basic components:
      • Schemas: organizing knowledge and representing it mentally.
      • Adaptation processes: learning and transitioning from one stage to another.
      • Stages of development: characterized by equilibrium and disequilibrium.

    Stages of Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years):
      • Exploring the world through senses and motor activity.
      • Lacking understanding of cause and effect.
      • Difficulty distinguishing between self and environment.
    • Preoperational Stage (2-7 years):
      • Rapidly developing language and communication.
      • Imagining the future and reflecting on the past.
      • Difficulty distinguishing between fantasy and reality.
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years):
      • Developing abstract reasoning and ability to generalize.
      • Understanding conservation of matter.
      • Ability to describe transformations and make inferences.
    • Formal Operations (12-15 years):
      • Developing adult thinking.
      • Hypothetical thinking and forming/testing hypotheses.
      • Organizing information and scientific reasoning.

    Criticisms of Piaget

    • Methodologically flawed tasks.
    • Underestimation of cultural impact.

    Lev Vygotsky

    • Social constructivist theory of cognitive development:
      • Emphasizing the role of social and cultural interactions.
      • Importance of language in learning and representing reality.

    Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

    • Lower limit: child's independent developmental level.
    • Upper limit: potential skill level with assistance.
    • Scaffolding: instructional technique providing individualized support.

    Self

    • Self-concept: perception of oneself.
    • Characteristics: traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization.
    • Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan.

    Development of Self

    • Infancy (0-18 months):
      • Basic sense of self.
      • Recognizing physical self.
    • Early childhood (18-30 months):
      • Recognizing mirror image.
      • Developing self-awareness.
    • Middle and late childhood:
      • Shift to internal traits and abilities.
      • Describing social roles and ideal selves.
      • Realistic assessment of abilities.

    Perspective Taking

    • Opposite of egocentrism.
    • Ability to assume another's perspective.
    • Stages of development (Selman).

    Self-Concept

    • Self-worth.
    • Ideal self: the person one wants to be.
    • Self-efficacy: confidence in controlling one's motivation, behavior, and environment.

    Morality

    • Understanding of right and wrong, or good and bad behavior.
    • Moral dilemma: ambiguous situation requiring a moral decision.

    Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

    • Describes how sense of right and wrong changes with age.
    • How do we develop a sense of justice?
    • How do we learn to make moral judgments?

    Levels of Moral Development

    • Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
      • Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation (2-3 to 5-6 years).
      • Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation (5-7 years).
    • Level 2: Conventional Morality
      • Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation (7-12 years).
      • Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation (can start as early as 10 years).
    • Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
      • Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation (can start as early as 12 years).
      • Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation (can start as early as 12 years).

    Attachment

    • First social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver.
    • Infants show attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors.
    • Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
      • Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months).
      • Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months).
      • Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months).
      • Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months).

    Types of Attachment

    • Type A: avoiding attachment.
    • Type B: secure attachment.
    • Type C: anxious-resistant attachment.
    • Type D: disorganized-disoriented attachment.

    Deprivation and Separation

    • Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment.
    • Separation: absence of the main caregiver.
    • Separation can lead to deprivation.

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    Description

    Learn about the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding, and explore Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Understand the role of schemas and adaptation processes in learning and development.

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