Cognition and Attention in Psychology

Consciously focusing on specific information. It can be controlled or automatic.

Focusing on relevant information by actively filtering out distractions.

Automatically drawn to noteworthy or salient stimuli.

Information that easily catches your attention, often vivid and stands out.

Memory system with a short duration of 18-30 seconds, limited capacity, and organized based on perception.

A mental store that holds and manipulates information for current tasks, proposed by Baddeley.

Memory system with a long duration, potentially lasting a lifetime, large capacity, and organized semantically.

The idea that our cognitive abilities and environment shape our thinking and interactions with others.

The tendency to favor information that confirms pre-existing beliefs and avoid information that contradicts them. This can lead to biased decision-making and a lack of critical thinking.

A state of mental discomfort experienced when our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are inconsistent. It motivates us to change our beliefs or behavior to restore consistency.

The idea that repeatedly being exposed to a stimulus can lead to increased liking of that stimulus. This can be applied to marketing by increasing brand familiarity.

A model that suggests behaviors are influenced by intentions, which are in turn influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control.

The process of becoming aware of inconsistencies between our attitudes and behaviors. This can lead to internal conflict and motivate us to change.

Beliefs, feelings, and tendencies to act in a particular way towards a person, object, or idea.

The process of using information, social influence, or persuasive techniques to change someone's attitudes.

The tendency to maintain existing views and opinions, even when presented with contradictory evidence. This occurs because our cognitive resources are limited, and we prioritize confirming our existing beliefs.

A general pattern or tendency to think in a specific way, regardless of context. It's often driven by subconscious biases and can impact our decision-making.

The tendency to give more weight to information presented first, compared to information presented later. This can influence our initial impressions and decisions.

The tendency to actively seek and interpret information that confirms our pre-existing beliefs, while discounting conflicting information. It allows us to reinforce our initial beliefs.

A mental shortcut or simple rule used to quickly make decisions or solve problems. They rely on previous experiences and offer readily available solutions, though they may not always be optimal.

A cognitive process that involves a quick, automatic, intuitive, and heuristic approach to information processing. It's suitable for background information and simple tasks.

A cognitive process that is slower, voluntary, logical, and systematic. It's used for more complex and demanding tasks, requiring more mental effort.

Motivational principle. The desire to understand people and events, predict their behavior, and gain control over our social environment.

Motivational principle. The need to connect with others and be part of groups. Social connections provide support, protection, and information.

Motivational principle. The desire to see ourselves and our groups in a positive light. It's associated with a desire for self-reliance, social status, and security.

The specific target of an attitude, such as a person, object, group, event, or idea.

The degree to which we hold a positive or negative view of an attitude object. It reflects the strength of our feelings.

The strength of our convictions about an attitude object, indicating how strongly we hold our beliefs.

The ease with which we can recall our attitude towards an object. It's influenced by the frequency, recency,& relevance of exposure.

The area of psychology that focuses on the measurement of attitudes and other psychological constructs.

Methods of measuring attitudes that involve directly asking individuals to report their opinions and beliefs.

Methods of measuring attitudes that rely on observing individuals' physiological or behavioral responses, without asking them directly about their views.