Cofactors and Coenzymes
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a level of protein structure?

  • Primary (correct)
  • Quaternary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary

Protein denaturation occurs when

  • Protein bonds are strengthened
  • Protein folding is disrupted
  • Protein bonds are disrupted (correct)
  • Protein bonds are formed

Which of the following can denature proteins?

  • Strong acids or bases
  • Reducing agents
  • Organic solvents
  • All of the above (correct)

What type of interaction within a protein would be disrupted by heavy metal ions?

<p>Ionic bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can disrupt polar and charged interactions within proteins?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amino acid side chain do heavy metals like mercury and lead bind to?

<p>Positively charged (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can disrupt salt bridges within proteins?

<p>Heavy metal ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein are enzymes an example of?

<p>Globular protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

<p>To lower the activation energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the active site in an enzyme?

<p>To bind substrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the induced fit model explain enzyme specificity?

<p>Enzymes change shape to fit the substrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can amino acids in the active site of an enzyme speed up reactions?

<p>By acting as acids or bases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cofactors often made of?

<p>Metal cations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are coenzymes typically derived from?

<p>Vitamins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a coenzyme derived from vitamin B3?

<p>NAD+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way in which cofactors and coenzymes can help enzymes speed up reactions?

<p>Increase the temperature of the reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of bonds between the enzyme and substrate would potentially be disrupted by a change in pH?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what pH are lysosomal enzymes active?

<p>pH of ~4.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way in which enzyme activity can be controlled?

<p>Compartmentalization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common group that can be added or removed from enzymes in reversible covalent modification?

<p>Phosphate group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme in glycogenesis is de-activated by phosphorylation?

<p>Glucokinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein catalyzes phosphorylation initially?

<p>Protein kinase A (PKA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does phosphorylation do to a protein?

<p>Adds a phosphate to the protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents both pathways from running at the same time?

<p>Phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of enzyme regulation involves covalent modification?

<p>Covalent modification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of covalent modification in glycogen metabolism?

<p>Protein kinase A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of enzyme regulation involves allosteric modification?

<p>Allosteric modification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can an effector molecule do to an allosteric enzyme?

<p>Both increase and decrease binding of the substrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inhibits phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) allosterically?

<p>High levels of ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range in which lysosomal enzymes function?

<p>Around 4.5-5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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