Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which fossil fuel is refined into gasoline for motor vehicles?
Which fossil fuel is refined into gasoline for motor vehicles?
What is the primary source of raw materials for making plastics, fertilizers, and medicines?
What is the primary source of raw materials for making plastics, fertilizers, and medicines?
Which method involves removing the top layer of the Earth to expose coal seams?
Which method involves removing the top layer of the Earth to expose coal seams?
What is the first stage in the formation of coal?
What is the first stage in the formation of coal?
Signup and view all the answers
Which fossil fuel is used as jet fuel in aviation?
Which fossil fuel is used as jet fuel in aviation?
Signup and view all the answers
What process involves heat and pressure turning peat into coal over millions of years?
What process involves heat and pressure turning peat into coal over millions of years?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the initial stage of coal formation called?
What is the initial stage of coal formation called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of coal is the most abundant and energy-rich?
Which type of coal is the most abundant and energy-rich?
Signup and view all the answers
How is petroleum formed?
How is petroleum formed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the hardest and cleanest type of coal?
What is the hardest and cleanest type of coal?
Signup and view all the answers
What forces caused liquid petroleum to accumulate in underground pockets?
What forces caused liquid petroleum to accumulate in underground pockets?
Signup and view all the answers
Which stage of coal formation has the lowest energy density?
Which stage of coal formation has the lowest energy density?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Coal and Petroleum in NCERT Class 8 Science
Types of Coal
Coal, a fossil fuel, is a combustible rock primarily composed of carbon and hydrocarbons. As it forms deep within the Earth, coal undergoes three main stages of transformation from vegetation:
-
Lignite (or Brown Coal): The initial stage, lignite forms when dead plant matter is compressed. It contains a high moisture content and a low carbon percentage, making it less energy-dense than other forms of coal.
-
Bituminous Coal: This is the most abundant and energy-rich type of coal. It forms from lignite through higher heat and pressure, resulting in a lower moisture content and a higher carbon percentage.
-
Anthracite: The final stage in coal's transformation, anthracite is the hardest and cleanest coal. It is composed of almost pure carbon with minimal impurities and moisture.
Petroleum Formation
Petroleum, or crude oil, is a liquid fossil fuel formed from the remains of tiny aquatic organisms and plankton. These microscopic creatures, known as zooplankton and phytoplankton, accumulated in ancient oceans around 250 to 650 million years ago.
- As the plankton died, they sank to the ocean floor, forming a thick layer.
- Over millions of years, heat and pressure transformed this organic material into liquid petroleum.
- The Earth's tectonic movements forced the liquid petroleum to accumulate in underground pockets.
Petroleum Uses
Petroleum is a versatile fossil fuel with a wide range of applications:
- Gasoline: Petroleum is refined into gasoline, the fuel used in most motor vehicles.
- Diesel: Petroleum is also refined into diesel fuel, used in large trucks, buses, and vehicles with diesel engines.
- Jet Fuel: Aviation uses petroleum-based jet fuel to power airplanes.
- Heat and electricity: Petroleum is used to generate electricity and heat in households and industries.
- Chemicals: Petroleum is the primary source of raw materials for making chemicals such as plastics, fertilizers, and medicines.
Coal Mining
Coal is extracted from the ground through two main methods:
- Surface mining: This method involves removing coal from the ground in a process called stripping. The top layer of the Earth is removed to expose the coal seams, which are then extracted.
- Underground mining: This method involves digging tunnels and shafts to reach the coal seams. Coal is then extracted from the tunnels and transported to the surface.
Coal Formation
Coal forms deep within the Earth, primarily in two main stages:
- Peat: Peat originates from the decomposition of plant matter in wetlands. It accumulates slowly over thousands of years.
- Coalification: Peat undergoes coalification, a process where heat and pressure turn it into coal. This process takes millions of years, transforming peat into lignite, bituminous coal, and finally anthracite.
Understanding the types of coal, petroleum formation, uses of petroleum, coal mining, and coal formation is essential to comprehending the role these non-renewable resources play in our energy needs and the environment.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about the different types of coal (Lignite, Bituminous Coal, Anthracite), the formation of petroleum from aquatic organisms, its various uses, processes involved in coal mining (Surface mining, Underground mining), and the stages of coal formation (Peat, Coalification). Gain insight into these non-renewable resources and their significance in meeting our energy needs.