Coal and Petroleum Overview

Study Notes

Coal and Petroleum

Coal and petroleum are two significant nonrenewable energy sources that have played a crucial role in powering modern societies. Both are fossil fuels derived from ancient organic matter under extreme heat and pressure deep within Earth's crust over millions of years. Here is a brief overview of their formation, properties, uses, and classification:

Formation of Coal and Petroleum

Coal and petroleum originate from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Over time, these organisms were buried, compressed, and subjected to extreme temperatures and pressure, which transformed them into solid or liquid hydrocarbon deposits we now refer to as coal and crude oil respectively.

Types of Coal

Coal comes in various forms based on its carbon content and how much it has been altered by heat and pressure during its formation. There are four main types of coal: lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite:

Lignite: Also known as brown coal, it has low heat value and high moisture content. It's often used in electricity generation where the ash can be removed before it reaches the turbine.
Subbituminous: This type of coal sits between lignite and bituminous when ranked according to heating value. It's less temperamental and easier to ignite compared to other coal types.
Bituminous: This darker coal with higher calorific values is commonly used for generating electricity. In some countries, it's also used in blast furnaces to produce iron from oxides.
Anthracite: With the highest carbon content amongst all coals, this coal burns hotter and longer than any other type. Its clean burning characteristics make it popular among industries like steel production and power generation.

Coal Combustion

When coal burns, its chemical composition changes, releasing heat through the process of combustion. This reaction takes place inside the boiler of a combustion unit, where water is heated to create steam, which expands to drive turbines connected to generators, producing electrical energy. However, burning coal also produces greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change.

Petroleum Refining

Crude oil, like coal, is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons containing thousands of different chemicals, each with varying physical and chemical properties. During petroleum refining, these components are separated into more useful products. Commonly produced are gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, kerosene, lubricating oils, waxes, and asphalt. These products form the backbone of our transportation system, power industry, manufacturing sector, and many other parts of modern life.

Classification of Natural Resources

Natural resources are classified based on their potential for extraction and economic benefit. Renewable resources, such as wind, solar, geothermal, and hydropower, can be replenished naturally and do not deplete over time. Nonrenewable resources, including coal and petroleum, are finite and will eventually run out if they continue to be extracted without conservation efforts.

Both coal and petroleum play vital roles in current global economies. They are primary energy sources for large parts of the world, providing affordable and abundant energy required for industrialization, urbanization, and development. Understanding their formation, properties, usage, and environmental impact helps us appreciate their significance and work towards sustainable solutions for future energy needs.

Description

Learn about the formation, properties, uses, and classification of coal and petroleum, the two vital nonrenewable energy sources derived from ancient organic matter. Explore the types of coal, coal combustion, petroleum refining, and the importance of understanding natural resources classification.