Coal and Hydrocarbons: Energy Sources Quiz

Coalification.

Organic and mineral matter.

Greenhouse gas emissions and pollutant release.

<p>Hard coal and lignite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable vapor/air mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lowest temperature at which it can spontaneously ignite without an external ignition source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coal provides a high energy output suitable for power generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural gas can occur separately, diluted in oil, water, or rocks, such as coal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) are the primary elements in pure hydrocarbons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal paraffins contribute to soft engine operation in diesel fuel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paraffinic hydrocarbons have high solidification temperatures, between 54-60°C, which is detrimental.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aromatic hydrocarbons cause auto-ignition delay and hard engine operation in diesel engines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Olefins oxidize easily to form oxides and organic acids, promoting corrosion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfur increases corrosion effects, especially when the engine is cold, and contributes to air pollution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vacuum distillation separates crude oil into boiling fractions at different temperature ranges under reduced pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cracking breaks heavier petroleum fractions into more valuable products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solid, liquid, and gaseous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conventional motor fuels include petrol and diesel, while alternative motor fuels can be either renewable or non-renewable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crude oil is classified into low sulphur oils, which contain less than 2% sulphur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compressor oils and gear oils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural fuels, artificial fuels, and public utility fuels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fossil fuels and synthetic fuels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crude oil is classified as light if less than 0.87 kg/m3, medium if between 0.87–0.91 kg/m3, and heavy if greater than 0.91 kg/m3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaseous, liquid, plastic, and solid greases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The clouding point is the temperature at which dissolved waxes begin to precipitate, making the liquid appear hazy or cloudy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absolute density is the ratio of the mass of a homogeneous body to the volume it occupies, typically expressed in g/cm³ or kg/m³.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absolute viscosity measures the resistance between adjacent layers of fluid, while relative viscosity is the ratio of a fluid's viscosity to that of a reference fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heat of combustion is the amount of heat released from the complete combustion of a unit of fuel, measured in kJ/kg or kJ/m³.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calorific value refers to the heat obtained from combustion while assuming water remains vapor, unlike the heat of combustion which accounts for complete condensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incomplete combustion produces unwanted solid combustibles like coke or soot in the products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The octane number measures a fuel's ability to resist knocking during combustion, which is crucial for engine performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cetane number indicates the ignition quality of diesel fuel, where higher numbers lead to quicker ignition and smoother engine operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The octane number measures fuel's resistance to knock in spark-ignition engines, indicating how well it can withstand uncontrolled ignition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cetane number indicates diesel fuel's ignition properties, with higher values representing shorter ignition delays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CCAI characterizes the ignition properties of residual fuels in marine engines where cetane numbers are not applicable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fractions include light gasoline (313–433 K), heavy gasoline (433–473 K), kerosene (473–590 K), Diesel oil (590–633 K), light residual oil (633–813 K), and heavy residual oil (above 813 K).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crude oil primarily contains hydrocarbons such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, along with organic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and trace metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crude oil contains saturated hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkenes, affecting its viscosity, combustibility, and overall quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light fractions in motor fuels enhance starting ability at low temperatures and improve combustion efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The boiling point range is significant because it dictates the separation of different fuel fractions during distillation, influencing their suitability for various applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temperature where dissolved waxes in a liquid start to precipitate, causing cloudiness.

The temperature at which a fuel stagnates; critical for pumping.

The mass per unit volume of a substance, affected by temperature and composition.

The mass of a homogeneous body divided by its volume, in g/cm³ or kg/m³.

Heat released from complete combustion of fuel, cooled to initial temp.

Heat obtainable from combustion, keeping water vapor as steam.

Occurs when solid combustibles like soot are present in combustion products.

A measure of a fuel's ability to resist knocking during combustion.

Fuels classified as primary/natural and secondary/derived based on origin.

Natural fuels are categorized into solid, liquid, and gaseous forms: wood, crude oil, and natural gas.

Fuels used in vehicles, including conventional like petrol and alternative like biogas.

Oils are categorized into various types such as compressor, gear, turbine, and machine oils.

Crude oil is classified based on sulphur content, density, and paraffin levels.

Fuels composed of flammable and nonflammable gases from natural or artificial sources.

Includes fossil fuels (like crude oil) and synthetic options (like alcohols and vegetable oils).

Coal is characterized as a solid fuel, primarily used for energy generation and industrial processes.

The transformation process of organic matter into coal, involving biochemical and geochemical phases.

Coal is categorized into lignite, bituminous, and anthracite based on age and carbon content.

Coal consists of organic matter, mineral matter, and moisture, resulting from decayed plants.

Burning coal releases CO₂, SO₂, NOₓ, and ash, contributing to pollution and climate change.

The lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable vapor/air mixture.

The lowest temperature at which a substance ignites spontaneously, without an external ignition source.

Natural gas primarily originates from organic materials, sometimes found alone or with oil and water.

The process of burning coal which releases energy and pollutants, affecting sustainability.

Carbonated Carbon Aromaticity Index measures ignition properties for residual fuels.

Obtained by distilling crude oil based on boiling points, yielding various fuel types.

The fraction of crude oil with a boiling point between 313–433 K.

Fraction of crude oil with a boiling point between 433–473 K.

Hydrocarbons that consist of straight or branched alkanes.

Ring-shaped hydrocarbon structures, typically derivatives of benzene.

Complex molecules found with resins, aromatics, and saturates in crude oil.

Crude oil is primarily composed of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), but also contains O, S, and N.

Normal paraffins improve diesel fuel performance; isoparaffins help gasoline resist knocking.

Support knock-free combustion in gasoline but slow down performance in diesel engines.

Olefins easily oxidize, leading to corrosion and harmful byproducts in engines.

Sulfur can increase corrosion and contribute to air pollution, especially in cold engines.

Nitrogen compounds are corrosive and toxic, and harmful to refinery catalysts.

Cracking breaks heavier petroleum into more valuable products, including thermal and catalytic types.