Podcast
Questions and Answers
What condition is characterized by the prolonged bleeding and hemarthrosis due to a deficiency in a particular factor?
What condition is characterized by the prolonged bleeding and hemarthrosis due to a deficiency in a particular factor?
- Hypercoagulability
- Cushing disease
- Antithrombin III deficiency (correct)
- Diabetes insipidus
Which lab findings would suggest Antithrombin III deficiency?
Which lab findings would suggest Antithrombin III deficiency?
- Decreased platelet count
- Prolonged PT/PTT (correct)
- Elevated protein C levels
- Normal TSH levels
What is the primary treatment for a severe deficiency in Antithrombin III?
What is the primary treatment for a severe deficiency in Antithrombin III?
- Surgery
- Factor replacement therapy (correct)
- Blood transfusion
- Anticoagulation therapy
What would be an expected symptom of a coagulation disorder related to factor dysfunction?
What would be an expected symptom of a coagulation disorder related to factor dysfunction?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a coagulation disorder?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a coagulation disorder?
What would be an indicator of inherited or acquired Antithrombin III deficiency?
What would be an indicator of inherited or acquired Antithrombin III deficiency?
Aside from Antithrombin III deficiency, what could cause prolonged PT/PTT?
Aside from Antithrombin III deficiency, what could cause prolonged PT/PTT?
What is a common treatment approach for coagulation disorders?
What is a common treatment approach for coagulation disorders?
What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?
What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?
What are the typical symptoms of Hemophilia?
What are the typical symptoms of Hemophilia?
Which diagnostic test is associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)?
Which diagnostic test is associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)?
Which treatment is commonly used for Hemophilia A?
Which treatment is commonly used for Hemophilia A?
What is a characteristic symptom of Thrombocytopenia?
What is a characteristic symptom of Thrombocytopenia?
What is the main genetic cause of Factor V Leiden mutation?
What is the main genetic cause of Factor V Leiden mutation?
Which condition is associated with recurrent miscarriages and thrombosis?
Which condition is associated with recurrent miscarriages and thrombosis?
What is a common treatment for Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
What is a common treatment for Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
What underlying condition is typically treated in patients with thrombocytosis?
What underlying condition is typically treated in patients with thrombocytosis?
Which of the following is a classic symptom of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)?
Which of the following is a classic symptom of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)?
What diagnostic test is used to confirm G6PD deficiency?
What diagnostic test is used to confirm G6PD deficiency?
Which treatment is appropriate for a patient with hemochromatosis?
Which treatment is appropriate for a patient with hemochromatosis?
What is the main characteristic of sickle cell disease?
What is the main characteristic of sickle cell disease?
Which symptom is commonly associated with thalassemia?
Which symptom is commonly associated with thalassemia?
What treatment option is NOT typically recommended for patients with sickle cell disease during pain crises?
What treatment option is NOT typically recommended for patients with sickle cell disease during pain crises?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
Flashcards
Hemophilia
Hemophilia
Genetic disorder causing bleeding problems due to deficient clotting factors.
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)
Autoimmune disorder causing hypercoagulability due to antiphospholipid antibodies.
Von Willebrand Disease
Von Willebrand Disease
Inherited bleeding disorder due to deficient/defective von Willebrand factor (vWF).
Thrombocytopenias
Thrombocytopenias
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Factor V Leiden Mutation
Factor V Leiden Mutation
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Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
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Antithrombin Activity Assay
Antithrombin Activity Assay
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Prolonged aPTT
Prolonged aPTT
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Acromegaly/Gigantism
Acromegaly/Gigantism
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Cushing Disease
Cushing Disease
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Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes Insipidus
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Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism
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Goiter
Goiter
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Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid Nodules
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Antithrombin III Deficiency
Antithrombin III Deficiency
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Thrombocytosis Symptoms
Thrombocytosis Symptoms
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Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
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G6PD Deficiency Symptoms
G6PD Deficiency Symptoms
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Hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis
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Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
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Thalassemia Symptoms
Thalassemia Symptoms
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Thrombocytosis Diagnosis
Thrombocytosis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis of G6PD Deficiency
Diagnosis of G6PD Deficiency
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
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Cardiomyopathy (Dilated): reduced contraction strength and dilated ventricles, systolic dysfunction, common in 30-40yo, idiopathic, viral, or toxic causes. Symptoms include dyspnea, S3 gallop. Diagnosis with echocardiography showing LV dilation, thin ventricular walls. Treatment with ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics.
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Cardiomyopathy (Hypertrophic Obstructive): autosomal dominant genetic disorder leading to LVH (Left Ventricular Hypertrophy), RVH (Right Ventricular Hypertrophy), diastolic dysfunction. Common in young athletes. Symptoms: dyspnea, syncope, harsh systolic murmurs, increased with valsalva, decreased with squatting. Diagnosis with echocardiography, showing LV hypertrophy, thickened septum; avoiding nitrates, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers), digoxin.
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Cardiomyopathy (Restrictive): non-dilated but stiff heart, reduced compliance, diastolic dysfunction. Amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, or hemochromatosis. Presenting symptoms: peripheral edema, jugular venous distension (JVD), ascites, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis with echocardiography showing atrial dilation. Avoiding nitrates, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and digoxin.
Conduction Disorders/Dysrhythmias
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Sinus Arrhythmia: variation in heart rate during the respiratory cycle.
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Sinus Node Dysfunction: abnormal SA node function, presenting with symptoms of exercise intolerance, fatigue, dizziness, chest pain, difficulties breathing. Medications, infiltrative diseases, inflammatory conditions may cause it. Diagnosis with ECG showing abnormal SA node action potential. Tx: symptomatic or unstable (atropine, pacing).
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AV Blocks: delayed conduction through the AV node. First-degree AV block: prolonged PR interval. Second-degree AV block: Mobitz I (progressive PR lengthening) or Mobitz II (fixed PR). Third-degree AV block = complete atrioventricular dissociation. Tx: unstable (atropine); Stable (pacemaker or observing); avoid nitrates/diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or digoxin.
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Bundle Branch Block: delayed conduction in bundle branches, presenting with widened QRS complexes. Tx: symptomatic (pacemaker), asymptomatic (observing).
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Atrial Fibrillation: irregular atrial activity, loss of atrial contraction. Risk factors: age, high blood pressure (HTN), coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), valvular heart disease, hyperthyroidism. Irregularly irregular rhythm; no distinct P waves. Tx: rate control (beta-blockers, CCBs — Calcium Channel Blockers), anticoagulation (DOACs, or warfarin), rhythm control (cardioversion, antiarrhythmics).
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Atrial Flutter: macro-reentrant circuit in the atria. risk factors: COPD, CHF, or valvular heart disease. "Sawtooth" flutter waves, regular ventricular rate. Tx: rate control (beta-blockers, CCBs), rhythm control (cardioversion), and anticoagulation.
Other Cardiovascular Topics
- Atrial Tachycardia: rapid atrial rates, presence of P waves preceding each QRS complex. Dx: ECG showing narrow complex tachycardia. Tx: beta-blockers, CCBs, antiarrhythmics, catheter ablation.
- Bradycardia: heart rate less than 60bpm. caused by vagal stimulation, drugs, hypothyroidism. Sxs: fatigue, dizziness, syncope. Tx: symptomatic (no Tx), unstable (atropine, pacing).
- Idioventricular Rhythm: slow ventricular rhythm (20-40bpm). Wide QRS, no P-waves. Tx: pacing (if unstable), address underlying cause.
- Junctional Rhythms: rhythms originating at the AV junction. (40-60 bpm) ECG: narrow QRS, inverted or absent P waves. Tx: if unstable, pacing; otherwise, monitor.
- Premature Contractions: Premature depolarization in the atria or ventricles (PACs or PVCs). Tx: asymptomatic (no Tx); symptomatic (beta blockers).
- QT Prolongation: prolonged ventricular repolarization. causes: drugs (antiarrhythmics, macrolides, antipsychotics), electrolyte abnormalities, congenital. Can increase risk of torsades de pointes. Tx: stop offending agents; magnesium sulfate for torsades; pacing (if recurrent).
- Torsades de Pointes: polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Caused by prolonged QT interval. Tx: stop offending agents; magnesium sulfate; pacing.
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