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Questions and Answers
Which of the following scenarios would LEAST directly result from the activation of type A intercalated cells in the kidneys?
Which of the following scenarios would LEAST directly result from the activation of type A intercalated cells in the kidneys?
- Increased secretion of H+ ions into the tubule lumen.
- Reduction in the concentration of H+ ions in the blood.
- A decrease in the pH of urine.
- Increased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions into the bloodstream. (correct)
If a patient presents with significantly elevated blood pH due to a metabolic issue, which compensatory mechanism involving CO2 transport is MOST likely to occur?
If a patient presents with significantly elevated blood pH due to a metabolic issue, which compensatory mechanism involving CO2 transport is MOST likely to occur?
- Increased rate of CO2 attachment to the heme portion of hemoglobin.
- Increased activity of carbonic anhydrase to produce more bicarbonate. (correct)
- Activation of type A intercalated cells to excrete bicarbonate.
- Inhibition of type B intercalated cells to prevent further bicarbonate secretion.
In a scenario of pulmonary fibrosis, which alteration in CO2 transport is MOST likely to exacerbate the resulting acid-base imbalance?
In a scenario of pulmonary fibrosis, which alteration in CO2 transport is MOST likely to exacerbate the resulting acid-base imbalance?
- Decreased efficiency of CO2 conversion to bicarbonate in red blood cells.
- Enhanced diffusion of CO2 from plasma into red blood cells.
- Reduced elimination of CO2 at the alveolar level, leading to its accumulation in the blood. (correct)
- Increased binding affinity of CO2 to the globin chains of hemoglobin.
How would a drug that selectively inhibits carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells MOST likely affect CO2 transport and pH balance during intense exercise?
How would a drug that selectively inhibits carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells MOST likely affect CO2 transport and pH balance during intense exercise?
Which adaptive response would the body MOST likely employ to counteract the effects of prolonged hyperventilation on blood pH and CO2 transport?
Which adaptive response would the body MOST likely employ to counteract the effects of prolonged hyperventilation on blood pH and CO2 transport?
In a patient with severe emphysema, which of the following compensatory mechanisms would be LEAST effective in maintaining near-normal blood pH?
In a patient with severe emphysema, which of the following compensatory mechanisms would be LEAST effective in maintaining near-normal blood pH?
A researcher is investigating a novel drug that increases the solubility of CO2 directly in blood plasma without affecting its conversion to bicarbonate or its binding to hemoglobin. What potential side effect should the researcher MOST closely monitor?
A researcher is investigating a novel drug that increases the solubility of CO2 directly in blood plasma without affecting its conversion to bicarbonate or its binding to hemoglobin. What potential side effect should the researcher MOST closely monitor?
Which scenario would MOST likely lead to a simultaneous activation of both type A and type B intercalated cells in the kidneys?
Which scenario would MOST likely lead to a simultaneous activation of both type A and type B intercalated cells in the kidneys?
How does the reversible nature of the carbonic anhydrase reaction contribute to efficient CO2 transport under varying physiological conditions, such as during rest versus strenuous exercise?
How does the reversible nature of the carbonic anhydrase reaction contribute to efficient CO2 transport under varying physiological conditions, such as during rest versus strenuous exercise?
In a patient with a mutation affecting the globin chains of hemoglobin, which aspect of CO2 transport would be MOST directly impaired?
In a patient with a mutation affecting the globin chains of hemoglobin, which aspect of CO2 transport would be MOST directly impaired?
How does increased temperature affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen and the oxygen demand of metabolically active tissues?
How does increased temperature affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen and the oxygen demand of metabolically active tissues?
In systemic veins, what chemical process contributes to a lower pH of the blood as it leaves the tissues?
In systemic veins, what chemical process contributes to a lower pH of the blood as it leaves the tissues?
What is the primary mechanism by which prolonged diarrhea leads to metabolic alkalosis?
What is the primary mechanism by which prolonged diarrhea leads to metabolic alkalosis?
How do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in blood gases and pH, and what is their effect on alveolar ventilation?
How do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in blood gases and pH, and what is their effect on alveolar ventilation?
What is the specific role of central chemoreceptors in maintaining pH homeostasis, and where are they located?
What is the specific role of central chemoreceptors in maintaining pH homeostasis, and where are they located?
What is the expected impact of prolonged vomiting on blood pH, and through what mechanism does this change occur?
What is the expected impact of prolonged vomiting on blood pH, and through what mechanism does this change occur?
Under what conditions is hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreased, and how does this affect oxygen delivery to tissues?
Under what conditions is hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreased, and how does this affect oxygen delivery to tissues?
How does kidney disease typically affect blood pH, and what is the underlying mechanism?
How does kidney disease typically affect blood pH, and what is the underlying mechanism?
Consider a scenario where a patient has a PO2 of 100mmHg, PCO2 of 40mmHg and a pH of 7.2. Based on this, which of the following would occur?
Consider a scenario where a patient has a PO2 of 100mmHg, PCO2 of 40mmHg and a pH of 7.2. Based on this, which of the following would occur?
During intense exercise, muscle tissues produce a significant amount of CO2. How does this affect the oxygen-binding affinity of hemoglobin, and what is the physiological significance of this change?
During intense exercise, muscle tissues produce a significant amount of CO2. How does this affect the oxygen-binding affinity of hemoglobin, and what is the physiological significance of this change?
Flashcards
Kidney disease & H+
Kidney disease & H+
H stays in the blood due to impaired filtration.
Prolonged diarrhea effect
Prolonged diarrhea effect
Excessive bicarbonate excretion leads to this imbalance.
Prolonged vomiting effect
Prolonged vomiting effect
Expulsion of hydrochloric acid leads to a loss of H+.
CO2 to Bicarbonate
CO2 to Bicarbonate
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Blood acidity in tissues
Blood acidity in tissues
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Temp, pCO2 and pH effect on Hb
Temp, pCO2 and pH effect on Hb
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O2 demand in active tissues.
O2 demand in active tissues.
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Peripheral chemoreceptor location
Peripheral chemoreceptor location
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Peripheral chemoreceptors cause
Peripheral chemoreceptors cause
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Central chemoreceptor location
Central chemoreceptor location
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CO2 Transport in Plasma
CO2 Transport in Plasma
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CO2 Binding to Hemoglobin
CO2 Binding to Hemoglobin
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Carbonic Acid Formation
Carbonic Acid Formation
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Carbonic Anhydrase
Carbonic Anhydrase
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Bicarbonate Formation
Bicarbonate Formation
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CO2 Transport as Bicarbonate
CO2 Transport as Bicarbonate
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CO2 Release in Lungs
CO2 Release in Lungs
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Type A Intercalated Cells
Type A Intercalated Cells
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Type B Intercalated Cells
Type B Intercalated Cells
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Hypoventilation: Acidosis
Hypoventilation: Acidosis
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Study Notes
Carrying CO2
- About 7% of CO2 dissolves in plasma.
- CO2 is more soluble in fluids compared to O2.
- About 23% of CO2 attaches to hemoglobin in red blood cells, specifically to the globin chains, not the heme.
- Red blood cells and plasma convert CO2 into carbonic acid with the help of carbonic anhydrase.
- Carbonic acid then breaks down into bicarbonate and hydrogen.
- The reaction is reversible.
- In the body CO2 is mainly carried in the form of bicarbonate.
- When at lung alveoli to remove C02, bicarbonate levels must increase to reverse the reaction.
- Carbonic anhydrase is required.
CO2 and Bicarbonate Equation
- When CO2 leaves lung capillaries, bicarbonate turns into CO2 and water.
- This decreases bicarbonate and H+ ions.
- With fewer H+ ions, blood becomes less acidic, increasing blood pH.
- In the tissues, CO2 enters the blood, turning into bicarbonate in red blood cells, creating H+ ions.
- More H+ ions in systemic veins make the blood more acidic
- Therefore blood leaving the tissues has a lower pH.
Type A and Type B Intercalated Cells
- Acidic blood activates Type A cells to secrete H+ into the tubule lumen, which is then excreted in urine to reduce H+ ions in the blood.
- Basic blood activates Type B cells to secrete HCO3, reducing blood pH.
Respiratory Causes of Acidosis and Alkalosis
- Hypoventilation leads to acidosis because alveoli are underventilated.
- Pulmonary fibrosis can lead to acidosis because the alveolar walls thicken and scar tissue develops, impairing gas exchange.
- Emphysema leads to acidosis because alveolar walls break down, reducing surface area.
- Hyperventilation leads to alkalosis due to exhalation of excess CO2.
Restoring Normal Blood pH
- Metabolic acidosis may result from kidney disease, which affects H+ filtration, causing H+ to stay in the blood.
- Prolonged diarrhea can cause excessive bicarbonate excretion from the GI tract, leading to metabolic acidosis.
- Metabolic alkalosis can be caused by prolonged vomiting, which leads to the loss of H+
Hemoglobin Saturation
- Increased temperature, increased pCO2, and decreased pH change hemoglobin (Hb) affinity.
- Also its strong attraction to 02.
- This results in more O2 needed in metabolically active tissues.
Chemoreceptors
- Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus.
- When these are activated, they send a higher frequency of action potentials to the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata.
- It causes increased alveolar ventilation (Va).
- Central chemoreceptors are located in the CNS (medulla oblongata).
- The are only activated by pH changes.
- Low pH results more action potentials.
Homeostasis
- Normal values:
- PO2 = 100mmHg
- PCO2 = 40mmHg
- pH = 7.4 (in atrial blood)
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Description
Explore how carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the blood, including its dissolution in plasma, binding to hemoglobin, and conversion to bicarbonate. Understand the crucial role of carbonic anhydrase in converting CO2 to carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Learn how these processes affect blood pH levels in tissues and lungs.
