Clustered Systems Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the interrupt service routine?

  • To transfer control to the appropriate interrupt service routine (correct)
  • To start the CPU computation
  • To manage interrupts quickly
  • To store pointers to interrupt routines

    • Where are the addresses of interrupt service routines stored?

  • In high memory locations
  • In the middle memory locations
  • In the last hundred locations of memory
  • In low memory locations (correct)

    • Why must interrupts be handled quickly?

  • To ensure efficient execution of the interrupt service routine (correct)
  • To avoid delays in resuming interrupted computations
  • To reduce the number of interrupts occurring
  • To prevent the CPU from crashing

    • What is an interrupt vector?

    <p>A table of pointers to interrupt routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are tables of pointers used for handling interrupts?

    <p>To provide the necessary speed in handling interrupts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of an interrupt mechanism in computer architecture?

    <p>To manage transfer of control to interrupt service routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of clustering in a clustered system?

    <p>To share storage and provide high-availability service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the concept of a system being able to continue operation even after a failure of any single component?

    <p>Graceful degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a clustered system, what happens if a monitored machine fails?

    <p>The monitoring machine takes ownership of its storage and restarts the applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fault tolerance in the context of clustered systems?

    <p>The capability to detect, diagnose, and possibly correct system failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of asymmetric clustering in a clustered system?

    <p>One machine in hot-standby mode while the other runs applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is redundancy added in clustered systems for achieving high availability?

    <p>To provide backup resources for potential failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be provided due to the file system residing on secondary storage?

    <p>Storage management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of providing mechanisms for process synchronization and communication?

    <p>Ensure orderly execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for an operating system to differentiate between operating-system code and user-defined code?

    <p>To prevent incorrect program execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for providing dual-mode and multimode operation in computer systems?

    <p>Prevent incorrect program execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT a primary concern addressed by the operating system and its design?

    <p>Optimizing network bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant reason for needing two separate modes of operation in a computer system?

    <p>Distinguish between user and system code execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is used to store the bootstrap program since RAM is volatile?

    <p>Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of main memory in a computer system?

    <p>Executing instructions fetched by the CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is interaction achieved with different forms of computer memory?

    <p>Through a sequence of load or store instructions to specific memory addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the load instruction do in relation to the CPU?

    <p>Moves a byte or word from main memory to an internal register within the CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the CPU require data from disk to be transferred to main memory before processing?

    <p>Because main memory is the only storage device directly accessible by the CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the fetch stage of an instruction cycle in a von Neumann architecture?

    <p>An instruction is fetched from memory and stored in the instruction register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of memory management, what role does the CPU play in data processing?

    <p>It executes instructions fetched from main memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario does the CPU automatically load instructions from main memory for execution?

    <p>From the location stored in the program counter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes main memory from other storage devices in a computer system?

    <p>It is where data is shared by the CPU and I/O devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the store instruction do in relation to main memory?

    <p>Moves the content of a register to main memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does main memory support the operation of a modern computer system?

    <p>By storing large amounts of data directly accessible by the CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Interrupts

    • The fixed location usually contains the starting address where the service routine for the interrupt is located.
    • The interrupt service routine executes, and on completion, the CPU resumes the interrupted computation.
    • Interrupts are an essential part of a computer architecture.
    • Each computer design has its own interrupt mechanism, but several functions are standard.
    • The interrupt must transfer control to the appropriate interrupt service routine.
    • A table of pointers to interrupt routines can be used to provide the necessary speed.
    • The interrupt routine is called indirectly through the table, with no intermediate routine needed.
    • The table of pointers is stored in low memory, holding the addresses of the interrupt service routines for various devices.

    Storage Structure

    • Since RAM is volatile, it cannot be trusted to hold the bootstrap program.
    • Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) storage is used instead, which is infrequently written to and nonvolatile.
    • All forms of memory provide an array of bytes, each with its own address.
    • Interactions are achieved through a sequence of load or store instructions to specific memory addresses.
    • The load instruction moves a byte or word from main memory to an internal register within the CPU.
    • The store instruction moves the content of a register to main memory.

    CPU Execution Cycle

    • A typical instruction (execution cycle) as executed on a system with a von Neumann architecture:
      • Fetches an instruction from memory and stores it in the instruction register (CPU).
      • The instruction is then decoded and may cause operands to be fetched from memory and stored in an internal register.
      • If it is not in memory, then check and process for I/O interrupt.

    Clustered Systems

    • Clustered systems are composed of two or more individual systems—or nodes—joined together; each node is typically a multicore system.
    • The generally accepted definition is that clustered computers share storage and are closely linked via a local-area network (LAN) or a faster interconnect.
    • Clustering is usually used to provide high-availability service—that is, service that will continue even if one or more systems in the cluster fail.
    • Each node can monitor one or more of the others (over the network).
    • If the monitored machine fails, the monitoring machine can take ownership of its storage and restart the applications that were running on the failed machine.

    Dual-Mode and Multimode Operation

    • A properly designed operating system must ensure that an incorrect (or malicious) program cannot cause other programs—or the operating system itself—to execute incorrectly.
    • The approach taken by most computer systems is to provide hardware support that allows differentiation among various modes of execution.
    • At the very least, we need two separate modes of operation: user mode and kernel mode.

    Memory Management

    • The main memory is central to the operation of a modern computer system.
    • Main memory is a large array of bytes, ranging in size from hundreds of thousands to billions.
    • Each byte has its own address.
    • Main memory is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
    • The CPU reads instructions from main memory during the instruction-fetch cycle (van Neumann architecture).

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    Description

    Explore the characteristics and structure of clustered systems, where two or more individual systems are connected together to share storage and provide high-availability services. Learn about the general structure of clustered systems and how nodes are linked via a local-area network.

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