Clustered Systems vs. Multiprocessor Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between Clustered Systems and Multiprocessor Systems?

  • Clustered Systems require network connectivity, while Multiprocessor Systems do not need any network connections.
  • Clustered Systems have shared physical memory and I/O facilities, while Multiprocessor Systems are geographically dispersed.
  • Clustered Systems focus on data partitioning, while Multiprocessor Systems use consensus mechanisms for state management.
  • Clustered Systems involve multiple computers working together, while Multiprocessor Systems have multiple CPUs within a single computer. (correct)

What is a key requirement for two machines in a cluster to cooperate effectively?

  • Complete isolation from the network to prevent interference
  • Individual disk storage for each machine in the cluster
  • Shared storage for data consistency and accessibility (correct)
  • Physical memory separation for improved reliability

In a Shared Disk Architecture, what is a major disadvantage of allowing all nodes access to the same disk storage?

  • Increased complexity for managing access and ensuring data integrity (correct)
  • Reduced scalability and failover capability
  • Simplified data management and quick failover
  • Improved data distribution and querying logic

What is the purpose of interrupts in a CPU?

<p>To allow the CPU to respond to external events requiring immediate attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does a Shared Nothing Architecture require more complex data distribution and querying logic?

<p>Each node has its own disk storage and data is partitioned across nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Linux, what is the function of the 'jiffies' variable?

<p>Increments with every timer interrupt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of Cluster Software in Clustered Systems?

<p>Node coordination, failover processes, and load balancing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a CPU sets up a DMA transfer?

<p>The CPU is informed via an interrupt when the transfer is done (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do traps differ from interrupts?

<p>Traps can be generated intentionally by software, interrupts cannot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is constructing a secure operating system on hardware without privileged mode challenging?

<p>It limits the enforcement of strict controls over user programs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between interrupts and traps?

<p>Interrupts are hardware signals for events needing immediate attention, while traps are software-generated interrupts for exceptions or errors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of jiffies in the Linux kernel?

<p>Jiffies increment with every timer interrupt and are used to calculate system uptime. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Direct Memory Access (DMA) affect CPU performance?

<p>DMA significantly slows down CPU performance due to shared bus and memory bandwidth usage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is constructing a secure operating system on hardware without privileged mode challenging?

<p>The absence of privileged mode hinders enforcing strict controls over user programs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical disadvantage of shared disk architecture in clustered systems?

<p>It leads to data inconsistency due to independent access by nodes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Clustered Systems from Multiprocessor Systems in terms of data architecture?

<p>Clustered Systems use shared storage for data consistency, while Multiprocessor Systems use separate disk storage per CPU. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of architecture is more suitable for quick failover but with increased complexity for managing access and data integrity?

<p>Shared Disk Architecture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge associated with Shared Nothing Architecture in database clusters?

<p>Increased contention without shared disk storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is essential for state management and decision-making among nodes in a clustered system?

<p>Consensus Mechanism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Clustered Systems differ from Multiprocessor Systems in terms of scalability?

<p>Clustered Systems are easily scalable due to shared storage, while Multiprocessor Systems face scalability challenges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Clustered System

Multiple independent machines working together to achieve a common goal, each with its own memory and processing power.

Multiprocessor System

Multiple processors sharing a common memory and processing power.

Cluster Cooperation

The ability of two machines in a cluster to exchange information effectively.

Shared Disk Architecture

A cluster architecture where all nodes have access to the same disk storage.

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CPU Interrupts

A mechanism used by the CPU to temporarily halt the current task and attend to higher-priority events.

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Shared Nothing Architecture

A cluster architecture where each node has its own memory and processing power.

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jiffies variable

A variable in the Linux kernel that measures the time elapsed since the system was booted.

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Cluster Software

Software that manages communication and cooperation between nodes in a clustered system.

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CPU DMA

A process where the CPU relinquishes control of the system bus to the DMA controller, allowing direct data transfer between memory and peripherals.

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Interrupts

External events like I/O completions that interrupt the CPU's current task.

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Traps

Internal events like divide-by-zero errors that interrupt the CPU's current task.

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Secure Operating System on Hardware without Privileged Mode

Designing an operating system to enforce security policies on hardware without privileged mode access.

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Clustered vs Multiprocessor Systems - Data Architecture

The primary distinction between Clustered Systems and Multiprocessor Systems is in their data architecture.

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Shared Disk Architecture - Data Inconsistencies

A potential issue with Shared Disk Architecture, wherein conflicting data updates can lead to inconsistencies.

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Shared Disk Architecture - Suitability

A type of cluster architecture suitable for quick failover but with increased complexity in managing access and data integrity.

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Shared Nothing Architecture - Challenge

A major challenge associated with Shared Nothing Architecture, which requires complex logic for distributing and querying data across multiple nodes.

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State Management in Clustered Systems

Communication and coordination mechanisms are essential for managing state and decision-making among nodes in a clustered system.

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Scalability

The ability to add more machines to a system to increase its capacity.

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Clustered vs Multiprocessor Systems - Scalability

Clustered Systems are more scalable than Multiprocessor Systems because they can add more machines to accommodate increasing workloads.

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Study Notes

Clustered Systems vs Multiprocessor Systems

  • Clustered Systems: multiple machines work together to achieve a common goal, each machine has its own memory and processing power.
  • Multiprocessor Systems: multiple processors share a common memory and processing power.

Cluster Cooperation

  • Key requirement for two machines in a cluster to cooperate effectively: they must be able to communicate with each other.

Shared Disk Architecture

  • Major disadvantage of allowing all nodes access to the same disk storage: it can lead to data inconsistencies and conflicts.

CPU Interrupts

  • Purpose of interrupts in a CPU: to temporarily pause the execution of the current task to handle a higher-priority task or event.

Shared Nothing Architecture

  • Requires more complex data distribution and querying logic: because each node has its own memory and processing power, data distribution and querying logic must be more complex to ensure data consistency.

Linux Kernel

  • Function of the 'jiffies' variable: a measure of time, used to track the time elapsed since the system was booted.

Cluster Software

  • Critical aspect of Cluster Software in Clustered Systems: managing the communication and cooperation between nodes.

CPU DMA

  • When a CPU sets up a DMA transfer: the CPU transfers control of the system bus to the DMA controller, allowing it to transfer data directly to or from memory.

Interrupts vs Traps

  • Difference between interrupts and traps: interrupts are external events, such as I/O completions, while traps are internal events, such as divide by zero errors.

Secure Operating System

  • Challenge of constructing a secure operating system on hardware without privileged mode: it is difficult to ensure the operating system has sufficient control over the system to enforce security policies.

Clustered Systems vs Multiprocessor Systems

  • Main difference in terms of data architecture: Clustered Systems have multiple machines with their own memory, while Multiprocessor Systems have multiple processors sharing a common memory.

Shared Disk Architecture

  • Critical disadvantage: it can lead to data inconsistencies and conflicts, and can be a single point of failure.

Clustered Systems

  • Suitable for quick failover but with increased complexity for managing access and data integrity: Shared Disk Architecture.
  • Key challenge associated with Shared Nothing Architecture: managing data distribution and querying logic.

State Management

  • Essential mechanism for state management and decision-making among nodes in a clustered system: communication and coordination mechanisms.

Scalability

  • Difference between Clustered Systems and Multiprocessor Systems: Clustered Systems are more scalable, as they can add more machines to the cluster as needed.

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