Clustered Systems vs. Multiprocessor Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between Clustered Systems and Multiprocessor Systems?

  • Clustered Systems require network connectivity, while Multiprocessor Systems do not need any network connections.
  • Clustered Systems have shared physical memory and I/O facilities, while Multiprocessor Systems are geographically dispersed.
  • Clustered Systems focus on data partitioning, while Multiprocessor Systems use consensus mechanisms for state management.
  • Clustered Systems involve multiple computers working together, while Multiprocessor Systems have multiple CPUs within a single computer. (correct)

    • What is a key requirement for two machines in a cluster to cooperate effectively?

  • Complete isolation from the network to prevent interference
  • Individual disk storage for each machine in the cluster
  • Shared storage for data consistency and accessibility (correct)
  • Physical memory separation for improved reliability

    • In a Shared Disk Architecture, what is a major disadvantage of allowing all nodes access to the same disk storage?

  • Increased complexity for managing access and ensuring data integrity (correct)
  • Reduced scalability and failover capability
  • Simplified data management and quick failover
  • Improved data distribution and querying logic

    • What is the purpose of interrupts in a CPU?

    <p>To allow the CPU to respond to external events requiring immediate attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a Shared Nothing Architecture require more complex data distribution and querying logic?

    <p>Each node has its own disk storage and data is partitioned across nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Linux, what is the function of the 'jiffies' variable?

    <p>Increments with every timer interrupt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of Cluster Software in Clustered Systems?

    <p>Node coordination, failover processes, and load balancing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a CPU sets up a DMA transfer?

    <p>The CPU is informed via an interrupt when the transfer is done</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do traps differ from interrupts?

    <p>Traps can be generated intentionally by software, interrupts cannot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is constructing a secure operating system on hardware without privileged mode challenging?

    <p>It limits the enforcement of strict controls over user programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between interrupts and traps?

    <p>Interrupts are hardware signals for events needing immediate attention, while traps are software-generated interrupts for exceptions or errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of jiffies in the Linux kernel?

    <p>Jiffies increment with every timer interrupt and are used to calculate system uptime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Direct Memory Access (DMA) affect CPU performance?

    <p>DMA significantly slows down CPU performance due to shared bus and memory bandwidth usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is constructing a secure operating system on hardware without privileged mode challenging?

    <p>The absence of privileged mode hinders enforcing strict controls over user programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical disadvantage of shared disk architecture in clustered systems?

    <p>It leads to data inconsistency due to independent access by nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Clustered Systems from Multiprocessor Systems in terms of data architecture?

    <p>Clustered Systems use shared storage for data consistency, while Multiprocessor Systems use separate disk storage per CPU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of architecture is more suitable for quick failover but with increased complexity for managing access and data integrity?

    <p>Shared Disk Architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge associated with Shared Nothing Architecture in database clusters?

    <p>Increased contention without shared disk storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is essential for state management and decision-making among nodes in a clustered system?

    <p>Consensus Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Clustered Systems differ from Multiprocessor Systems in terms of scalability?

    <p>Clustered Systems are easily scalable due to shared storage, while Multiprocessor Systems face scalability challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Clustered Systems vs Multiprocessor Systems

    • Clustered Systems: multiple machines work together to achieve a common goal, each machine has its own memory and processing power.
    • Multiprocessor Systems: multiple processors share a common memory and processing power.

    Cluster Cooperation

    • Key requirement for two machines in a cluster to cooperate effectively: they must be able to communicate with each other.

    Shared Disk Architecture

    • Major disadvantage of allowing all nodes access to the same disk storage: it can lead to data inconsistencies and conflicts.

    CPU Interrupts

    • Purpose of interrupts in a CPU: to temporarily pause the execution of the current task to handle a higher-priority task or event.

    Shared Nothing Architecture

    • Requires more complex data distribution and querying logic: because each node has its own memory and processing power, data distribution and querying logic must be more complex to ensure data consistency.

    Linux Kernel

    • Function of the 'jiffies' variable: a measure of time, used to track the time elapsed since the system was booted.

    Cluster Software

    • Critical aspect of Cluster Software in Clustered Systems: managing the communication and cooperation between nodes.

    CPU DMA

    • When a CPU sets up a DMA transfer: the CPU transfers control of the system bus to the DMA controller, allowing it to transfer data directly to or from memory.

    Interrupts vs Traps

    • Difference between interrupts and traps: interrupts are external events, such as I/O completions, while traps are internal events, such as divide by zero errors.

    Secure Operating System

    • Challenge of constructing a secure operating system on hardware without privileged mode: it is difficult to ensure the operating system has sufficient control over the system to enforce security policies.

    Clustered Systems vs Multiprocessor Systems

    • Main difference in terms of data architecture: Clustered Systems have multiple machines with their own memory, while Multiprocessor Systems have multiple processors sharing a common memory.

    Shared Disk Architecture

    • Critical disadvantage: it can lead to data inconsistencies and conflicts, and can be a single point of failure.

    Clustered Systems

    • Suitable for quick failover but with increased complexity for managing access and data integrity: Shared Disk Architecture.
    • Key challenge associated with Shared Nothing Architecture: managing data distribution and querying logic.

    State Management

    • Essential mechanism for state management and decision-making among nodes in a clustered system: communication and coordination mechanisms.

    Scalability

    • Difference between Clustered Systems and Multiprocessor Systems: Clustered Systems are more scalable, as they can add more machines to the cluster as needed.

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    Explore the differences between Clustered Systems and Multiprocessor Systems, including their architectures, functionalities, and advantages. Learn about their roles in high availability, scalability, and reliability in computing environments.

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