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Questions and Answers

What is the multitenant architecture used for in Software as a Service?

  • To deliver software to a single customer
  • To deliver software to thousands of customers (correct)
  • To maintain hardware and software
  • To provide low cost hosting

    • What is the cost comparison for the provider in conventional hosting versus SaaS?

  • Cost is lower in SaaS (correct)
  • Cost is higher in SaaS
  • Cost depends on the customer
  • Cost is the same in both

    • What is the main benefit of SaaS for customers?

  • Maintaining their own applications
  • No upfront investment in servers or software licensing (correct)
  • Buying software and hardware
  • High upfront investment in servers or software licensing

    • What is the role of the software publisher in SaaS?

    <p>To run and maintain all necessary hardware and software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of utility computing services provided by the cloud provider?

    <p>XaaS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many main types of services are widely accepted in cloud computing?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the example of a SaaS provider mentioned in the content?

    <p>Salesforce.com</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do customers access applications in SaaS?

    <p>Through a web browser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a queue in Windows Azure storage?

    <p>To store messages about tasks to be performed by Worker role instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Windows Azure storage data replicated for fault tolerance?

    <p>Three times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of blobs in Windows Azure storage?

    <p>To store unstructured data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are tables in Windows Azure storage different from traditional database tables?

    <p>They are stored in a group of entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of SQL Azure?

    <p>To provide relational databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Windows Azure storage tables accessed?

    <p>By using ADO.NET Data Services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Fabric in Windows Azure?

    <p>A set of machines dedicated to Azure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are machines in the Fabric managed?

    <p>By fabric controller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of consultation among doctors around the world?

    <p>Sharing knowledge and improving treatment outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can education in rural areas be enhanced?

    <p>With the help of distance education and e-learning components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of students building their own multimedia presentations?

    <p>It allows them to concentrate more on learning and representing material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is e-government a form of?

    <p>e-business</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue with deploying cloud services in rural areas?

    <p>Availability of electricity and networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of e-governance?

    <p>To deliver electronic services to the public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the Government provide to the people concerned through cloud services?

    <p>Relevant information such as land revenue data, weather data, and soil information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of utility computing in e-governance?

    <p>Improves the efficiency of services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of cloud computing for education?

    <p>It provides greater reliability and availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of 24/7 service model in e-governance?

    <p>Citizens feel that Government is always at their service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should be responsible for providing information to the public in e-governance?

    <p>Respective departments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Desktop as a Service?

    <p>A virtual desktop environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge of storing personal data in e-governance?

    <p>Data is stored across different departments and computer systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be customized to support rural areas?

    <p>Original cloud services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the initiative of the Government of Gujarat to ensure wireless Internet connectivity to 18000 villages in Gujarat?

    <p>Gyan Ganga</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technology based on which Gyan Ganga project is implemented?

    <p>corDECT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the corDECT wireless access system?

    <p>To provide simultaneously voice and 35-70kbps Internet access to wireless subscribers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is data locality optimization primarily used for?

    <p>To store data where it is mostly used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following companies is NOT mentioned as a cloud service provider in India?

    <p>Google</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current ranking of India in terms of economic growth rate?

    <p>2nd fastest growing economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of establishing data centers in rural India?

    <p>To store data where it is mostly used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the initiative to modify traditional WiFi for long distance use in rural areas?

    <p>Modified WiFi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of cloud computing for social development?

    <p>To make a difference in the IT industry and social perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of cloud computing for companies?

    <p>To grasp the huge market in rural India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a private cloud?

    <p>It is maintained and used by a single organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cloud providers?

    <p>To provide cloud services to cloud users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the payment model used by cloud users?

    <p>Utility computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a cloud that is composed of multiple internal or external clouds?

    <p>Hybrid cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the end users in a cloud computing scenario?

    <p>Organizations that use the products developed by cloud users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of using cloud services?

    <p>Technical, architectural, business, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the model in which cloud services are provided to cloud users?

    <p>Utility computing model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of clouds are discussed in the content?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of buckets an AWS account can have?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an object that can be stored in S3?

    <p>5 GB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of S3?

    <p>Storage purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can data be sent to S3?

    <p>Either SOAP-based API or raw HTTP commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the globally available distributed hash table service provided by Amazon?

    <p>Simple Storage Service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum amount of metadata that can be associated with an object in S3?

    <p>4K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is data typically retrieved from S3?

    <p>Using SOAP HTTP or BitTorrent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use case for S3, according to the content?

    <p>Delivering web objects and backup purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the business model used in cloud services?

    <p>Pay-as-you-use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that allows cloud users to use virtual images of physical machines?

    <p>Virtualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of cloud computing for IT infrastructure?

    <p>Reducing expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of cloud computing for technical and business organizations?

    <p>Reducing costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of E-Governance?

    <p>Improving efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of cloud computing for social development?

    <p>Solving social issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of cloud services?

    <p>On-demand availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying infrastructure of cloud computing?

    <p>Distributed data centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of running multiple instances in Azure?

    <p>To serve multiple requests from a single user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Web role and Worker role instances?

    <p>Web role instances have IIS configured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of application-wide logs in Azure?

    <p>To monitor application performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stored in Blobs in Azure storage?

    <p>Binary data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't developers use their own VM image for Windows Azure?

    <p>Because Windows Azure maintains its own Windows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not allowed in Azure applications?

    <p>Administrative access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to process requests from users in Azure?

    <p>Worker role instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of Azure's approach to operating system updates?

    <p>It separates administrative work from the user domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why interactive applications are attracted to cloud?

    <p>Because they are data intensive and require analyzing data across different sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of programming models like Google's Map-Reduce and Yahoo!'s Hadoop?

    <p>To hide operational complexity of parallel processing of hundreds of cloud computing servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using cloud computing in business enterprises?

    <p>To analyze very large amounts of online data for decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of cloud computing in scientific community?

    <p>To perform time-consuming data processing jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using cloud computing in desktop applications?

    <p>To perform extensive evaluations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cloud providers?

    <p>To provide physical data centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of separation between application and data in cloud computing?

    <p>To enable virtualized services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the example of a cloud computing application mentioned in the content?

    <p>Yahoo! Homepage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key concept in cloud computing that builds abstraction over physical systems?

    <p>Virtualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using cloud services for IT infrastructure?

    <p>Reduced expenditure and effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe cloud services provided by cloud providers?

    <p>XaaS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using cloud computing in e-governance?

    <p>Improved efficiency and effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of cloud computing?

    <p>Pay-as-you-use business model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the large distributed data centers that provide cloud services?

    <p>Grid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of cloud computing for social development?

    <p>Solving social issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cloud providers?

    <p>Handling critical aspects of distributed computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Software as a Service (SaaS)?

    <p>No upfront investment in servers or software licensing for customers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between cloud computing and grid computing?

    <p>Cloud computing provides a multitenant architecture, while grid computing does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the three main types of cloud services (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS) provide to cloud users?

    <p>Different levels of abstraction and flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the software publisher in Software as a Service (SaaS)?

    <p>The provider runs and maintains the application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of multitenancy in cloud computing?

    <p>Multiple customers share the same resources, reducing costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a company that provides Software as a Service (SaaS)?

    <p>Salesforce.com</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of cloud service providers?

    <p>To provide a range of services and let customers choose what they need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of the cloud service stack?

    <p>It provides a range of services with different levels of abstraction and flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the limited spread of personal computers in villages?

    <p>High cost of computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of cloud computing in rural areas?

    <p>Reduced cost of computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are traditional web services not suitable for rural areas?

    <p>They are not always available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using cloud computing in rural areas?

    <p>It enhances the standard of living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do villagers need to own a PC to use traditional web services?

    <p>To access the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using cloud computing for rural areas?

    <p>No upfront commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cloud computing more suitable for rural areas?

    <p>It provides low-cost terminals with basic functionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using cloud computing in rural areas?

    <p>To enhance the standard of living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can data integrity be achieved in S3?

    <p>Checking end-to-end MD5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of Amazon once data is stored in S3?

    <p>To take care of data availability only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the timestamp in the request in AWS?

    <p>To prevent replay attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the flexibility provided by EC2?

    <p>Choosing the configuration of the virtual machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the platform used by the machines that deliver EC2 services?

    <p>XEN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using EC2 based on XEN?

    <p>It supports any Linux distribution as well as other OSs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of an Access Key ID and a Secret Key in AWS?

    <p>To authenticate the user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reliability of EC2 computers?

    <p>Not guaranteed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between EC2 and S3 security models?

    <p>They are similar, except for the use of X 509 private key</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of using SSL with HTTPS to connect to S3?

    <p>It increases the upload/download time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Google App-Engine?

    <p>Platform as a Service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following languages is supported by Google App-Engine?

    <p>Java</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of database used in Google App-Engine?

    <p>Non-relational database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Google App-Engine applications?

    <p>They are request-reply based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using Google App-Engine?

    <p>Automatic scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Google App-Engine for cloud users?

    <p>They don't have to worry about spikes in traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept described by L.Kleinrock in 1969?

    <p>Computer utilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the term 'Cloud computing' given prominence by Google's CEO?

    <p>Late 2006</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying architecture of cloud computing?

    <p>Grid-based architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables cloud computing to serve customers with different needs and workloads on demand?

    <p>Virtualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of cloud computing?

    <p>On-demand self-service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of cloud computing from a technical perspective?

    <p>Scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind the evolution of cloud computing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of cloud computing based on?

    <p>Grid computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of virtualization in cloud computing?

    <p>To enable the migration of virtual images between physical machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Grid computing and Cloud computing?

    <p>Cloud computing is built on Grid architecture, but has additional features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Utility computing in Cloud computing?

    <p>It is a service model used by Cloud providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of shutting down physical machines in data centers?

    <p>To reduce power consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using cloud services for IT infrastructure?

    <p>Reducing the IT infrastructure cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of virtualization in Cloud computing?

    <p>To enable the migration of virtual images between physical machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key concept of cloud computing that builds abstraction over physical systems?

    <p>Virtualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of cloud computing for social development?

    <p>Solving social issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between Grid computing and Cloud computing?

    <p>Cloud computing is built on Grid architecture and utilizes its services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the payment model used by cloud users?

    <p>Pay-as-you-use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of virtualization in terms of data centers?

    <p>It allows for data locality optimization and taking backups in different locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cloud providers in cloud computing?

    <p>Handling critical aspects of distributed computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Utility computing in Cloud computing?

    <p>To provide a service model for Cloud providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using cloud services for business organizations?

    <p>Enhancing scalability and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the model in which cloud services are provided to cloud users?

    <p>XaaS (X as a Service)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using cloud services for e-governance?

    <p>Enhancing e-governance efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why applications with real-time response and data-intensive capabilities are attracted to cloud?

    <p>Data-intensive and require analyzing data across different sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which programming model is used to analyze terabytes of data in cloud?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of cloud computing for business enterprises?

    <p>Discovering customers' needs and buying patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a scientific experiment that requires time-consuming data processing jobs?

    <p>LHC (Large Hadron Collider)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cloud providers often provide separation between?

    <p>Application and data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some desktop applications like Matlab and Mathematic being developed to use cloud computing?

    <p>Because they are becoming too compute-intensive for a single desktop machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of cloud computing for scientific community?

    <p>Time-consuming data processing jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of cloud computing that makes it attractive to business enterprises?

    <p>Ability to analyze large amounts of online data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of e-governance initiatives like Gyan Ganga and E-Gram?

    <p>To provide rural citizens with information about government projects and services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge with traditional systems in e-government?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cloud computing address the issue of scalability?

    <p>By design, it supports scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of cloud computing in e-governance?

    <p>Addressing scalability and security concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a facility provided by E-Gram to rural citizens?

    <p>Birth and death certification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue with traditional systems in e-government?

    <p>They incur a large establishment cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of e-governance initiatives like Gyan Ganga and E-Gram?

    <p>They provide rural citizens with easy access to government services and information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are traditional systems not sufficient for e-government?

    <p>They have many more disadvantages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Utility Cloud Services

    • Utility computing services can be classified into three main types: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
    • These services provide different levels of abstraction and flexibility to cloud users.

    Software as a Service (SaaS)

    • SaaS is a software delivery model where software applications are provided over the web browser.
    • Customers do not need to invest in servers or software licenses.
    • The software publisher maintains and runs the necessary hardware and software.
    • Examples: Salesforce.com offering on-demand Customer Relationship Management software solutions.

    Cloud Storage

    • Cloud storage includes Blobs (unstructured data), Tables (structured data), and Queues (message storage for tasks to be performed).
    • All data in cloud storage is replicated three times for fault tolerance and backed up in geographically distributed data centers.

    SQL Azure

    • SQL Azure provides relational databases in the cloud, built on Microsoft SQL Server.
    • Data can be accessed via ADO.NET or other Windows data access interfaces.

    Windows Azure Fabric

    • The Windows Azure fabric manages the machines dedicated to Azure, organized into a fabric, with each machine replicated in 5-7 machines.

    E-Governance

    • E-governance refers to the processes and structures needed to deliver electronic services to the public, collaborate with business partners, and conduct electronic transactions within an organizational entity.
    • Utility computing can greatly improve e-governance by providing 24/7 services, updating web content, building IT skilled resources, securing sensitive data, and maintaining privacy.

    Impact of Technology in E-Governance

    • 24/7 service model systems require high availability to provide citizens with a sense of government always being at their service.
    • Content on the web should be regularly updated and sufficient information provided to the public.
    • Human resources require proper training, and security policies must be maintained and designed.

    Applications of Cloud Computing in E-Governance

    • Cloud computing can facilitate education in remote areas, enable consultation among doctors, and provide access to information hubs for government decision-making.
    • Customizing cloud services can provide virtual desktop environments, land revenue data, weather data, and soil information.

    Challenges and Opportunities

    • Deployment of cloud services in rural areas faces issues such as availability of electricity and networks.
    • Initiatives like corDECT, WiFi, and WiMax can provide alternative Internet connectivity options.
    • Establishing data centers in rural India can optimize data locality, but cost of power and bandwidth may be a challenge.
    • Cloud providers like Reliance, TATA, and Wipro Technologies are providing cloud services in India, with a large scope for applying IT in domestic and rural areas.

    Cloud Computing Architecture

    • Cloud computing addresses difficulties of large-scale data processing.

    Types of Cloud

    • There are three types of cloud:
      • Private Cloud: maintained within an organization, used solely for internal purposes, and security and network bandwidth are not critical issues.
      • Public Cloud: an organization rents cloud services from cloud providers on-demand basis, using a utility computing model.
      • Hybrid Cloud: composed of multiple internal or external clouds, used when an organization moves to public cloud computing from its internal private cloud.

    Cloud Stakeholders

    • There are three types of stakeholders:
      • Cloud providers: provide cloud services to cloud users.
      • Cloud users: use cloud services to develop their products and deliver them to end users.
      • End users: use the products developed by cloud users.

    Advantages of Using Cloud

    • Cloud services provide technical, architectural, and business advantages.
    • Cloud services are provided as utility services, using a pay-as-you-go business model.
    • Cloud users can reduce their expenditure and effort in IT by using cloud services.
    • Cloud computing is built on top of grid services, providing virtual images of physical machines in data centers.
    • Cloud applications are gaining popularity due to their availability, reliability, scalability, and utility model.

    Cloud Architecture

    • Cloud providers have physical data centers to provide virtualized services to users through the internet.
    • Cloud providers separate application and data, allowing users to control the entire software stack.
    • Cloud architecture has two components: EC2 for computing and S3 for storage.
    • Simple Storage Service (S3) is a globally available distributed hash table with high-level access control.
    • S3 stores data in name-value pairs, with metadata for each object.
    • S3 has impressive support for privacy, integrity, and short-term availability.

    Cloud Computing Services

    • Amazon Web Services (AWS) provides cloud computing services, including S3.
    • Azure is a cloud computing platform that scales applications by running multiple instances without affinity with a particular web role instance.
    • Azure provides a storage service, allowing applications to store data in different types, including blobs.
    • Azure provides logging and monitoring capabilities, making it easy to collect performance-related information.
    • Azure does not allow developers to use their own VM image, and applications run only in user mode, with no administrative access.

    Cloud Services

    • Cloud services are provided to users as utility services like water, electricity, and telephone using a pay-as-you-use business model.
    • These utility services are described as XaaS (X as a Service), where X can be Software, Platform, Infrastructure, etc.

    Cloud Characteristics

    • Cloud computing allows users to build applications on the internet and deliver them to end-users without worrying about installing, maintaining hardware and software.
    • Users only pay for what they use, reducing their expenditure and effort in IT.
    • Cloud computing is built on top of large distributed data centers, which are often organized as a grid.
    • Virtualization is a key concept of cloud computing, allowing users to access virtual images of physical machines in data centers.

    Types of Cloud Services

    • There are three main types of cloud services: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
    • These services provide different levels of abstraction and flexibility to users.

    Software as a Service (SaaS)

    • SaaS involves delivering software applications over the web to thousands of customers using a multitenant architecture.
    • No upfront investment is required in servers or software licensing for customers.
    • The software publisher runs and maintains all necessary hardware and software.

    Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

    • IaaS provides users with virtual machines running on top of the XEN platform.
    • Users can store a disk image inside S3 and create a virtual machine in EC2 using tools provided by Amazon.
    • Machines that deliver EC2 services are virtual machines running on top of the XEN platform.

    Security

    • Amazon has an impressive scheme of authentication, including Access Key ID, Secret Key, and HMAC.
    • Users can use SSL with HTTPS to connect to S3 for more security, but this increases upload/download time.
    • Data integrity can be achieved by checking end-to-end MD5 checking.

    Google App-Engine

    • Google App-Engine is a platform for developing and deploying web applications in Google's architecture.
    • It provides Platform as a Service to cloud users.
    • Languages supported by Google App-Engine include Python, Java, and any extension of JVM languages.
    • App-Engine requires developers to use only supported languages and APIs.

    Benefits of Cloud Computing

    • Cloud computing allows for automatic scalability and persistent data storage services.
    • Applications are easy to scale, and users don't have to worry about spikes in traffic or data.
    • Cloud computing can provide access to recent technology and enhance the standard of living in rural areas.
    • It solves the issues of upfront commitment, maintenance, and upgradation of software or hardware.

    Cloud Computing

    • Cloud computing is a paradigm of distributed computing that allows consumers to obtain computing power on demand.
    • The concept of cloud computing has been around since 1969, but it was first termed by Google's CEO Eric Schmidt in 2006.
    • Cloud computing is an evolution of grid computing, using virtualization and new business, technical, and social perspectives.

    Basics of Cloud Computing

    • Cloud computing is a bunch of commodity computers networked together in the same or different geographical locations, operating together to serve customers with different needs and workloads on demand.
    • Cloud services are provided to users as utility services, like water, electricity, and telephone, using a pay-as-you-use business model.
    • Cloud users don't have to worry about installing, maintaining hardware and software, and can reduce their expenditure and effort in IT.

    Cloud Architecture

    • Cloud providers have physical data centers to provide virtualized services to users through the Internet.
    • Virtualization enables the migration of virtual images from one physical machine to another, allowing for optimization and backup in different locations.
    • Cloud providers often provide separation between application and data, and can shut down some physical machines to reduce power consumption.

    Comparison between Cloud Computing and Grid Computing

    • Cloud architectures are built on Grid architecture and utilize its services.
    • Grid computing is a form of distributed computing architecture where organizations owning data centers collaborate with each other to have mutual benefits.
    • Although cloud computing seems similar to grid computing, there are substantial differences between them.

    Relation between Cloud Computing and Utility Computing

    • Cloud users enjoy utility computing models for interacting with cloud service providers.
    • Utility computing is the aggregation of computing resources as a metered service, similar to traditional public utilities.
    • Cloud computing is one of the options for providing utility computing to users.

    Applications of Cloud Computing

    • Cloud computing is useful for solving social issues, such as E-Governance in developing countries.
    • Cloud computing provides high availability, reliability, and scalability, making it suitable for interactive applications with real-time response.
    • Parallel batch processing is inherently supported by cloud computing, making it suitable for analyzing large amounts of data.
    • Cloud computing is useful for scientific experiments, such as the Large Hadron Collider, and for discovering customer needs and buying patterns.

    Benefits of Cloud Computing in E-Governance

    • Cloud computing addresses the disadvantages of traditional systems in E-Governance, such as application life cycle management, software licensing, scalability, and security.
    • Cloud computing provides scalability, reliability, and high availability, making it suitable for E-Governance applications.

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    Identify the types of utility cloud services and their characteristics. Learn about IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS and their levels of abstraction and flexibility.

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