Cloud Computing Features Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which aspect of cloud computing allows users to obtain resources without human assistance?

  • On-demand self service (correct)
  • Measured services
  • Broad network access
  • Resource pooling

What does rapid elasticity in cloud computing entail?

  • Fixed resource allocation
  • Temporary service outages
  • Shrink and grow capabilities (correct)
  • Sustained resource availability

How does resource pooling benefit cloud computing services?

  • It enhances individual resource ownership.
  • It eliminates the need for network access.
  • It dynamically assigns resources based on demand. (correct)
  • It provides fixed resources for each user.

Which characteristic ensures that cloud services can be accessed from various devices?

<p>Broad network access (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of measured services in cloud computing?

<p>To monitor and report resource usage transparently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)?

<p>Automatic updates and minimal administration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cloud service model primarily targets application developers?

<p>Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disadvantage associated with Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)?

<p>Potential for platform lock-in (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Cloud computing from earlier computing models?

<p>Emphasis on utility computing and resource sharing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of using Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)?

<p>Vendor lock-in and potentially high costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which was the first major cloud service to be widely utilized?

<p>Amazon AWS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When referring to Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), which of the following components is typically included?

<p>Managed operating system environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target audience for Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)?

<p>End users accessing applications via the web (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key technology that facilitates Cloud computing?

<p>Virtualization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a method to handle many users in a Cloud application?

<p>Deploying collections of small, independent services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tradeoff commonly considered in Cloud database management?

<p>Consistency vs. performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the independent services within a Cloud application architecture?

<p>Micro-services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of managing multiple users' data in Cloud applications?

<p>Big Data processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advanced topic in IaaS systems management?

<p>Infrastructure automation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes OS-level virtualization from machine virtualization?

<p>Shares the host OS among multiple containers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of a traditional single-machine application in the Cloud?

<p>It is likely to face scalability issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest electricity consumption in billion kWh?

<p>China (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rank of the global IT sector in terms of electricity demand compared to countries?

<p>Third (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of electricity consumption does not exceed that of the IT sector?

<p>Agriculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect has historically dominated the electricity consumption in the IT sector?

<p>Manufacturing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has a lower electricity consumption than the IT sector?

<p>Canada (A), Brazil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of global IT sector electricity demand is heavily dependent on coal?

<p>More than 75% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor has contributed to smaller and more energy-efficient personal electronic devices?

<p>Advancements in technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total electricity consumption of the IT sector in 2012?

<p>1817 billion kWh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does IaaS primarily provide?

<p>Virtualized IT resources including servers and storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using IaaS?

<p>Complexity and maintenance requirements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cloud deployment model is characterized by services rendered on a third-party data center?

<p>Public Clouds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Private Clouds?

<p>Hosted infrastructure for a single organization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern for businesses using Public Clouds?

<p>Security and privacy of sensitive data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of virtualization does IaaS potentially use when deploying virtual machines?

<p>OS-level virtualization through containers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of user primarily targets IaaS resources?

<p>IT infrastructure managers and developers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using a Private Cloud?

<p>Lower overall infrastructure costs regardless of usage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of global electricity consumption was accounted for by the IT sector in 2012?

<p>7% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what percentage is the IT sector projected to grow its electricity consumption annually through 2030?

<p>7% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a main component of electricity consumption for the IT sector in 2012?

<p>Software (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of electricity consumption by Data Centers in 2017?

<p>21% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the IT sector's electricity consumption was associated with Devices in 2012?

<p>18% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the overall trend in electricity consumption for the IT sector from 2012 to 2017?

<p>Increased in Devices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As of 2017, what was the percentage of electricity consumed by Networks in the IT sector?

<p>21% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total electricity consumption did Manufacturing represent in the IT sector in 2012?

<p>15% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the growth rate of electricity demand in the IT sector compared to the global average?

<p>It's higher than the global average. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the projected percentage of global electricity consumption by the IT sector by 2017?

<p>12% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cloud Computing

Computing services delivered over the internet, allowing users to access resources and services as needed.

Cloud Delivery Model

A model for delivering computing services as externalized resources over the internet.

On-Demand Self Service

The ability to access resources and services without human intervention, making it convenient and scalable.

Broad Network Access

Seamless access to cloud services via various devices, allowing flexibility and accessibility.

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Resource Pooling

Dynamically allocating and reallocating physical and virtual resources based on user demands, optimizing resource utilization.

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Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

A cloud computing model where a vendor provides a managed environment for application developers, including operating systems, databases, web servers, and programming tools.

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Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

A cloud computing model where a vendor provides access to virtualized computing resources, such as servers, storage, and networking.

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Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

A cloud computing model where a vendor provides fully functional software applications over the internet, accessible through a web browser or mobile app.

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Rapid Elasticity

The ability to quickly and easily add or remove storage, computing power, or other resources to meet changing demands.

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Cloud Application

A collection of cloud services used by end-users, typically accessible through a web browser or mobile app.

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VM Deployment

The deployment of a virtual machine image, which operates as a virtualized server, onto a physical machine.

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Containerization

A type of virtualization where an operating system (OS) is isolated from the underlying hardware, allowing multiple containers to share the same OS kernel.

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Public Cloud

A cloud deployment model where services are delivered from a data center owned and operated by a third-party provider, accessible over a public network.

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Private Cloud

A cloud deployment model where services are delivered from an infrastructure owned and operated by a single company, potentially using private networks.

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Hybrid Cloud

A deployment model where a mix of public and private cloud resources are combined to create a hybrid cloud environment.

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Hypervisor

A technology used to virtualize hardware resources, allowing multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single physical machine.

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IT sector electricity consumption

The energy consumed to power the various devices that make up the IT sector.

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IT Manufacturing energy consumption

The amount of energy used in manufacturing IT devices, such as smartphones, computers, and servers.

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Energy consumption in data centers

The energy consumed by data centers, which are large facilities housing servers and other computing equipment.

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Energy consumption in computer networks

The energy consumed by networks, such as the internet, to transmit data.

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Energy consumption for personal devices

The energy used to power devices and equipment used by individuals, including personal computers, smartphones, and tablets.

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IT sector as a large energy consumer

The amount of energy consumed by the IT sector is so large that if it were a country, it would be the third largest consumer of electricity globally.

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Shifting focus of energy consumption in the IT sector

The majority of the IT sector's electricity consumption is now attributed to data centers and networks, with the energy used for manufacturing devices becoming less significant.

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China's role in IT sector's carbon footprint

China's heavy reliance on coal for energy generation contributes significantly to the IT sector's overall carbon footprint.

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IT sector's future electricity consumption

The IT sector is projected to consume more than 12% of global electricity by 2017 due to the significant increase in data usage and technological advancements.

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Growth rate of IT electricity consumption

The IT sector's energy consumption is expected to continue growing at an annual rate of 7%, exceeding the global average electricity growth rate.

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Electricity consumption by devices

Devices, including computers, smartphones, and tablets, account for a significant portion of the IT sector's energy consumption.

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Electricity consumption by networks

Networks, including internet infrastructure and data transmission, consume a significant proportion of energy in the IT sector.

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Electricity consumption by data centers

Data centers, massive facilities housing servers and computing equipment, are major consumers of electricity in the IT sector.

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Electricity consumption in IT manufacturing

The manufacturing process for IT devices, such as smartphones and servers, consumes a substantial amount of energy.

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Main components of IT energy consumption

The IT sector's energy consumption is divided into four main components: devices, networks, data centers, and manufacturing.

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Energy consumption shift towards networks and data centers

While devices accounted for the largest proportion of IT's energy consumption in 2012, their share is expected to slightly decrease by 2017.

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Future trends in IT energy consumption

The IT sector's energy consumption is expected to significantly increase in the future, driven by the growth of data usage and the evolution of technology.

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What is virtualization?

Virtualization is a key enabler of cloud computing, allowing multiple tenants to share the same physical resource as if they were separate machines. It separates the management of hardware, operating systems, and applications, giving greater flexibility.

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What is machine virtualization?

Machine virtualization, the most common type, creates virtual machines (VMs) on top of a physical server. Each VM has its own operating system and applications, as if it were a standalone computer.

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What is containerization?

OS-level virtualization, also known as containerization, isolates the operating system (OS) from the hardware. Multiple containers can share the same OS kernel, making them lightweight and efficient.

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How do you build a scalable application in the cloud?

Cloud computing enables the creation of applications that can handle large numbers of users. This is achieved by using collections of independent services that can be scaled up or down as needed.

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What are microservices?

Microservices are small, independent services that perform a specific function. They are designed to be loosely coupled, enabling them to be scaled, updated, and deployed independently. This makes applications more flexible and resilient.

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What is serverless computing?

Serverless computing allows developers to run code without provisioning or managing servers. The cloud provider automatically scales resources based on demand, simplifying application development and management.

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How do cloud databases handle large amounts of data?

Cloud databases are designed for scalability and availability. Techniques like replication and sharding ensure data consistency and high performance even with large amounts of data and users.

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What is big data processing in cloud computing?

Big data processing deals with analyzing massive amounts of user-generated data. Techniques like Hadoop and Spark enable scalable data processing and analysis, revealing valuable insights from user behavior and preferences

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: Cloud Computing
  • Course Code: LINFO2145
  • Instructor: Pr. Etienne Rivière
  • Email: [email protected]
  • University: UCL (Université catholique de Louvain)

What is Cloud Computing?

  • Brainstorm keywords associated with cloud computing (technologies, methods, concepts, etc.)
  • Limit keywords to 18 characters
  • Vote on existing proposals or suggest new ones
  • Participation link: https://app.wooclap.com/NIEBPN
  • Alternative participation method: Send @LHFXQN to 0460 200 711

Cloud Computing: A Definition

  • Computing services provided remotely over the internet
  • A delivery model
  • Diverse range of scenarios

Possible NIST Definition

  • On-demand self-service: Access resources without human interaction
  • Broad network access: Access via various devices (mobile, laptops, tablets, workstations)
  • Resource pooling: Dynamic assignment of physical and virtual resources based on demand
  • Rapid elasticity: Scalable capacity increases and decreases.
  • Measured services: Transparent monitoring, control, and reporting of resource usage

Journey to the Cloud

  • Timeline highlighting key developments in cloud computing:
    • 1980s - Early Infrastructure
    • 1990s - Grid computing emergence
    • 2000s - Utility computing, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), salesforces.com
    • 2006 - Amazon Web Services (AWS)
    • 2010 - Rise of Cloud computing, web 2.0
  • This timeline highlights how cloud computing developed over time.

Cloud Service Models (SPI)

  • SaaS (Software as a Service): Hosted applications (e.g., Gmail, Salesforce, Office 365, zoom, Overleaf)
    • Advantages: ease of use and little administration
    • Disadvantages: vendor lock-in, high costs
    • Target: end users
  • PaaS (Platform as a Service): Managed operating system, support services, environments (e.g., Heroku, Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure, amazon web services™)
    • Advantages: focus on development
    • Disadvantages: platform lock-in when the application scales
    • Target: application developers
  • IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Hosting of servers, resources (e.g., IBM SmartCloud, Rackspace, Amazon EC2, Google Compute Engine)
    • Advantages: flexibility, full control, privacy
    • Disadvantages: maintenance and complexity
    • Target: IT infrastructure managers and developers

Cloud Deployment Models

  • Public Cloud: Infrastructure owned by a third-party on a public network (e.g., Amazon, Rackspace)
    • Advantages: Cost-effectiveness, no maintenance
    • Disadvantages: Security and privacy risks
  • Private Cloud: Infrastructure hosted by a single organization (e.g., for internal use within an organization)
    • Advantages: Security, Control of infrastructure and sensitive data
    • Disadvantages: Cost of maintenance, potential for underutilization
  • Hybrid Cloud: Combination of private and public cloud infrastructure.
    • Advantages: combines the security of private with accessibility of public cloud
    • Disadvantages: operational/integration complexity
  • Diagram illustrates these models.

Cloud Infrastructure: Data Centers

  • Cloud infrastructure is housed in data centers.
  • Large-scale computing facilities. Key players in the market include AWS, Microsoft, Azure, Google, Meta, Apple. -Diagram displays major providers.

Energy Impact

  • Charts show electricity consumption trends in the IT sector over time (2012, 2017).
  • Electricity consumption is presented as a country.

Course Overview

  • Learning objectives for the course.
    • Programming large applications
    • Understanding software engineering
    • Cloud resource and infrastructure management
    • Handling massive user bases efficiently
    • Handling massive data usage efficiently

Part A: Enabling Technologies

  • Virtualization is a key technology in cloud computing for the sharing of physical resources among multiple users.
    • Machine virtualization
    • OS-level virtualization (containers)
  • Topics include virtualization, machine management and operating system management from various application management.

Part B: Building Scalable Applications

  • How to create apps that scale in the cloud efficiently
  • Collections of small independent services (micro-services)
  • Replicable services
  • Scalable cloud-based databases
  • Replicating data for availability

Part C: Big Data Processing

  • Analyzing user generated data (history, mobile data, usage)
  • Derive value from the data
  • New paradigms for data processing (volume, velocity)

Advanced Topics

  • Building fault-tolerant cloud services and applications
  • Cloud DevOps practices
  • Addressing security and privacy in cloud computing
  • Blockchains and decentralization in cloud environments

Practical Information

  • Course schedule (lectures, practical sessions)
  • Contact information for instructors and assistants
  • The course uses Moodle to share course materials

Semester Project

  • Web store design and implementation, focused on cloud backend development
  • Implementing features leveraging big data processing
  • Teamwork required, projects done in pairs.

Tutorials

  • Tutorials available, support the project development.
  • Tutorials for bootstrapping
  • using virtual machines
  • using Docker containers
  • Cloud databases, and how to use Kubernetes
  • Tutorials are not graded.
  • Participants can work alone or in groups of two.

Online Quizzes

  • Quizzes on Moodle every 1-2 weeks
  • Quizzes cover lecture and practical sessions
  • Peer-review process for graded quizzes
  • Quizzes contribute 10% of the mark

Grading and Evaluation

  • First session projects count for 45%, final exams for 45% quizzes for 10%.
    • Second session projects count for 45%, final exams for 55%, no quizzes.

General Comments

  • Encourage feedback from learners
  • Issues with tutorials should be reported early
  • Active participation in the course is encouraged

###GitHub

  • Tutorials and starter code for the course project will be on GitHub
  • Requires students to create a private GitHub repositories.
  • Students use GitHub for managing project code
  • Students are expected to provide their GitHub identifiers/links via the course Moodle platform.
  • Real names are also required.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key characteristics of cloud computing! This quiz covers essential topics such as resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and the significance of measured services. Assess your understanding of how these features enable seamless and efficient cloud service delivery.

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