Cloud Computing Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of grid computing?

  • Often involves systems belonging to different organizations
  • Introduced new challenges such as low availability of high-bandwidth connectivity
  • Typically relies on homogeneous network of systems (correct)
  • Connects systems across geographical locations

    • Cloud computing is considered a natural evolution of grid computing.

    True (A)

    What is the primary function of virtualization?

    Virtualization allows the creation of a virtual layer over hardware, enabling multiple instances to run simultaneously.

    ________ is a foundational technology for cloud computing.

    <p>Virtualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following computing concepts with their approximate year of introduction:

    <p>Mainframe Computing = 1950s Grid Computing = 1990s Virtualization = 1980s Web 2.0 = Mid-2000s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cloud computing service?

    <p>Microsoft Word (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mainframes were considered inexpensive, making them popular for smaller businesses.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two main benefits of using hardware virtualization in a cloud environment?

    <p>Efficient resource allocation and isolation of workloads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of mainframe computing?

    <p>Cost-effective for small businesses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cluster computing arose as a response to the ______ of mainframes.

    <p>high cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the development of cluster computing?

    <p>Cluster computing was developed as a more cost-effective alternative to mainframe computing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the computing models to their primary characteristics:

    <p>Mainframe Computing = High cost, powerful, highly reliable Cluster Computing = Cost-effective, scalable, geographically limited Grid Computing = Cost-effective, geographically distributed, high computational power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of computing emerged in the 1950s?

    <p>Mainframe Computing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cloud computing allows users to access data and programs over the internet.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of utility computing?

    <p>Pay-per-use basis for computing resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cloud computing offers flexibility, scalability, and ______ to businesses and individuals.

    <p>cost-efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the computing types with their descriptions:

    <p>Mainframe Computing = Large, centralized computers for multiple users Cluster Computing = Group of interconnected computers working together Grid Computing = Distributed network of computers for complex tasks Web 2.0 Computing = Internet-based computing focusing on user interaction and collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of computing provides users with on-demand access to computing resources, such as storage and applications?

    <p>Cloud Computing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Virtualization is a core component of cloud computing, allowing for efficient resource allocation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are examples of Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) platforms?

    <p>Salesforce AppExchange (A), Google App Engine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key benefits of cloud computing for businesses?

    <p>Flexibility, scalability, cost-efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of the Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) layer is to manage underlying infrastructure and simplify application deployment on virtual machines (VMs).

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two significant challenges associated with PaaS?

    <p>Vendor lock-in and limited flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Utility computing is ______ to the cloud computing model.

    <p>foundational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Infrastructure Layer, also known as the Virtualization Layer, utilizes technologies like Xen, KVM, VMware, and Hyper-V to transform physical resources into ______ pools of compute, storage, and network resources.

    <p>virtualized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cloud services with their respective layer:

    <p>Amazon Elastic Block Storage (EBS) = Infrastructure Layer Google App Engine = Platform-as-a-Service Layer Salesforce AppExchange = Platform-as-a-Service Layer Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) = Infrastructure Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these technologies are used for virtualization in the Infrastructure Layer?

    <p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Infrastructure Layer provides the foundation for higher-level platforms like PaaS, offering the necessary underlying infrastructure for cloud services, applications, and platforms.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of resource flexibility in the Infrastructure Layer.

    <p>Resource flexibility allows cloud providers to dynamically allocate and scale resources based on demand, ensuring efficient utilization and accommodating fluctuating user needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) and Container-as-a-Service (CaaS) are key services offered in the ______ layer.

    <p>Infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Evolution of Cloud Computing

    • Cloud computing, a term invented in the 1950s, referred to internet-based services. Its roots trace back to the 1960s, when John McCarthy envisioned computation as a public utility.
    • With the rise of the internet in the 1990s, organizations started to utilize online hosting for applications and data.
    • The early 2000s saw a significant advancement with platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS), offering scalable, on-demand computing resources.

    Agenda

    • The Evolution of Cloud Computing
    • A Layered Model of Cloud Computing
    • Virtualization in Cloud Computing
    • Virtualization Techniques
    • Automation in Cloud Computing
    • Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD)

    Mainframe Computing

    • Mainframes, introduced in the 1950s, are powerful machines designed for large-scale data processing.
    • They handle extensive input-output tasks and bulk operations, like online transaction processing.
    • Mainframes are known for their minimal downtime and high fault tolerance.
    • However, they are very expensive.
    • Cluster computing emerged later as a cost-effective alternative, providing similar computational capabilities.

    Cluster Computing

    • Cluster computing emerged in the 1980s as a more affordable solution to mainframes, linking multiple machines through high-bandwidth networks.
    • Clusters are less expensive than mainframes and can handle substantial computational tasks.
    • The easy addition of new nodes further enhances the computational capacity of a cluster.

    Grid Computing

    • Introduced in the 1990s, grid computing connects systems across various geographic locations via the internet.
    • The interconnected grid can handle various organizational-size workloads.
    • Overcoming geographical limitations became a primary goal, leading to grid computing.
    • Networks and connectivity are key challenges in grid environments

    Virtualization

    • Virtualization, introduced nearly four decades ago, creates a virtual layer over hardware.
    • It allows multiple instances to run concurrently on a single physical hardware.
    • It facilitates efficient resource allocation and isolation.
    • Important virtualization technologies are Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud, and OpenStack.

    Web 2.0

    • Web 2.0 represents a significant shift in how users interact with the internet, making it more interactive and dynamic.
    • Flexible and rich web applications became more popular, and data sharing among users became increasingly easy.
    • Web 2.0 significantly boosted social media platforms that emerged around 2004, with Google Maps, Facebook, and Twitter as prominent examples

    Service Orientation

    • A service-oriented approach to cloud computing emphasizes flexible, cost-effective, and scalable applications.
    • Two important concepts are Quality of Service (QoS) with Service Level Agreements(SLAs), and Software as a Service (SaaS).
    • This model focuses on delivering tailored services to meet individual needs.

    Utility Computing

    • Utility computing provides services (e.g., compute power, storage) with a pay-per-use structure.
    • It's a cost-effective approach, much like subscribing to electricity.
    • Resources are dynamically allocated, and users pay only for what they consume.
    • The model is foundational to cloud computing.

    Cloud Computing

    • Cloud computing enables data and application storage and access over the internet, rather than on physical machines.
    • Commonly used resources are computing power, storage, and software applications.
    • This change drastically reduced the complexity for individuals and organizations in their interaction with technology.
    • Key features are flexibility, scalability (adjusting resources as needed), and cost-effectiveness.
    • Services hosted on remote secure platforms provide a variety of functions

    Layered Model of Cloud Computing

    • Cloud computing builds upon existing concepts like distributed computing, grid computing, virtualization, and SaaS.
    • The cloud software environment layer encompasses operating systems, application software, APIs.
    • Managing the underlying infrastructure is a primary function of this platform layer, aiming to simplify deployment to virtual machines.

    Cloud Application Layer

    • The visible layer for end-users, accessing web portals, houses cloud applications.
    • This layer manages the communication availability, and cloud resources for data transfer.
    • Protocols like Telnet, FTP, HTTP, and HTTPS facilitate application cooperation.

    Cloud Software Environment Layer – Platform

    • Platform Layer integrates different components to enable application development within the cloud.
    • Operating systems, application software, and APIs form the environment.
    • Critical tasks include scalability, dependability, and security.
    • Developers can create, test, and monitor applications and processes.
    • Simplifies application deployment to VMs

    Cloud Software Infrastructure Layer

    • Foundational layer in cloud computing using virtualization.
    • Transforming physical resources into virtual pools of computation, storage, and network.
    • Supports automated resource allocation, facilitating adaptable and scalable resources for varied user needs.
    • Infrastructure-as-a-Service (laaS) and Container-as-a-Service (CaaS) are integral components:
    • laaS provides virtualized computing resources.
    • CaaS enables users to manage, scale, deploy containerized applications.
    • Data Storage-as-a-Service (DaaS) offers flexible, remote storage.

    Cloud Software Hardware Layer

    • The core layer that physically supports the cloud, including servers, switches, routers, power supplies, and cooling.
    • Manages physical resources, which ensures availability and efficient operations to deliver services to users.
    • Reducing service interdependencies and supporting varied use cases using data layers, rather than single databases, allows for independent deployments and service modifications.

    Virtualization in Cloud Computing

    • Abstracting physical components into logical objects is the basis for virtualization.
    • Enables multiple operating systems and applications to run concurrently on the same hardware.
    • Virtualization significantly improves hardware utilization and offers greater flexibility.
    • Enables the sharing of the same physical instance between several customers or organizations through logical assignment.

    Virtualization – Characteristics

    • Enhanced security allows managing the execution of guest programs in a secure manner.
    • Key virtualization features include: sharing, aggregation, emulation, and isolation.
    • Crucial aspects include: enhanced security, managed execution, sharing (creating multiple computing environments on a single host), and aggregation (combining resources).

    Virtualization – Types

    • Hardware virtualization installs VMM directly on the hardware for greater control over the processor and memory allocation.
    • Operating System (OS) virtualization installs VMM within the host OS.
    • Server virtualization implements VMM on servers themselves to divide into multiple servers.
    • Storage virtualization combines physical storage from multiple devices into a single unified unit.
    • Network virtualization enables the operation of several separate virtual networks on a single physical network.

    Virtualization – Benefits and Drawbacks

    • Benefits: flexible/efficient resource allocation, improved development productivity, reduced IT costs, rapid scalability, high availability, disaster recovery, and multi-system support.
    • Drawbacks: initial investment for cloud adoption, skilled workforce for transition, and potential data vulnerability to cyberattacks or data breaches.

    Hypervisor in Cloud Computing

    •  A hypervisor acts as a software layer beneath the application layer. It is responsible for managing the abstraction and virtualization of hardware resources
    • Two main types of hypervisors are Type 1 (Bare-Metal) and Type 2 (Hosted) hypervisors

    Automation in Cloud Computing

    • Automation leverages technology and software to streamline repetitive and manual tasks.
    • Improves efficiency, consistency, and speed in performing tasks.
    • Frees up valuable resources for strategic initiatives.
    • Crucial in maintaining the speed and consistency demanded by cloud operations, such as provisioning, configuration, and application deployment.
    • Key benefits of automation include faster deployment, better scalability, cost savings, and improved security.

    Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD)

    • CI/CD is a software development practice automating the process of code integration from multiple developers.
    • Aims to frequently commit code changes to a single code repository, such as GitHub or GitLab.
    • Automated processes for building, testing, and code review assure that new changes do not disrupt existing code.
    • Enables faster and reliable code integration and deployment, improving software quality and reducing release time.
    • Core goals include finding bugs quickly, streamlining development processes, and shortening release cycles.

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    Evolution of Cloud Computing PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cloud computing and related concepts like grid computing, virtualization, and mainframe computing. This quiz covers key characteristics, benefits, and technological advancements in the field. Perfect for students and professionals looking to reinforce their understanding of these pivotal computing technologies.

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