Clinical Research Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of study is inappropriate for analyzing rare or highly fatal diseases?

  • Case control study
  • Cross-sectional study (correct)
  • Cohort study
  • Descriptive study

What is one of the main advantages of conducting a retrospective study?

  • It necessarily determines causal relations
  • It is low cost and can provide results quickly (correct)
  • It generally requires a large number of subjects
  • It allows for studying diseases with long duration

In which type of study can multiple risk factors and diseases be studied at the same time?

  • Case series
  • Cohort studies
  • Preventive trials
  • Cross-sectional studies (correct)

What is a primary disadvantage of using a cross-sectional study?

<p>It shows associations but does not indicate causal relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of case control studies?

<p>They compare diagnosed individuals with those without the disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the normal distribution curve?

<p>It is bell-shaped. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of standard deviation (SD)?

<p>It is very sensitive to outliers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the aim of a clinical trial?

<p>To compare the therapeutic benefits of multiple treatments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates clinical trials from prospective studies?

<p>Clinical trials apply blinding to keep subjects unaware of their treatment group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which shape of frequency distribution is characterized by its tail extending more to the left?

<p>Negatively skewed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the objective section in a research proposal?

<p>It must be relevant, specific, and measurable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT included in the main body of a research paper?

<p>Title Page (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should the results section of a research paper be presented?

<p>Using tables without discussing the analysis methods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tense should the discussion section of a research paper be written in?

<p>Present tense (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the materials and methods section of a research proposal?

<p>It is mostly descriptive and uses past verb tense. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of a prospective study?

<p>It allows for calculation of incidence rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a discrete variable?

<p>It consists of whole numbers only. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data collection method is a comprehensive survey?

<p>It includes every member of a large population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative variable?

<p>Colors of a car (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of conducting a prospective study?

<p>It often experiences high attrition rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a stratified random sample?

<p>It is considered the best type of sampling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graph is specifically used for continuous quantitative variables?

<p>Histogram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does standard deviation measure in a dataset?

<p>How much individual measurements differ from the average. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of using the mean as a measure of central tendency?

<p>It is not affected by extreme observations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using the median as a measure of central tendency?

<p>It is not influenced by extreme values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of table displays information about how often something happens?

<p>Frequency table (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a pie chart?

<p>It displays categorical, qualitative data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the mid-range calculated?

<p>Average of the highest and lowest observations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a valid sample in research?

<p>Completely random (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using non-probability sampling methods?

<p>Results can’t be generalized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sampling method is characterized by the selection of units based on their availability and convenience?

<p>Convenience sample (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using a systematic random sample?

<p>It is easier and well distributed over variation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sample is considered the most basic among probability samples?

<p>Simple random sample (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Abstract

A clear, concise, and accurate summary of the research paper, ranging from 100 to 250 words. It provides an overview of the study's objectives, methods, key findings, and conclusions.

Materials and Methods

This section details the methods used to conduct the research, including the study design, subject selection, data collection, analysis techniques, and ethical considerations.

Results

This section presents the findings of the research, using tables and figures to illustrate the results. It should focus on objective presentation of data and avoid interpretation or discussion.

Discussion

The discussion section analyzes the research findings and interprets their significance within the broader context of existing knowledge. It may address any unexpected observations and highlight the clinical or practical implications of the work.

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Conclusions

This concise section summarizes the key findings of the study, emphasizes their significance, and may point to potential future directions for research.

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Observational Studies

Observational studies analyze relationships between variables without manipulating them.

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Cross-Sectional Study

A study that looks at a group of people at a specific point in time to determine the prevalence of a disease.

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Cohort Study

A study that follows a group of people over time to observe the development of a disease.

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Case-Control Study

A study that compares people with a disease to people without the disease to identify factors that may have contributed.

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Experimental Studies

Studies that manipulate variables to assess cause-and-effect relationships.

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Prospective Study (Cohort Study)

A study following a group of individuals over time to see how their exposure to a particular factor influences their risk of developing a certain outcome.

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Quantitative Variables

Data that can be measured and expressed numerically, such as height, weight, or blood pressure.

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Qualitative Variables

Data that describes qualities or characteristics that cannot be measured numerically, such as color, gender, or social class.

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Continuous Variables

A type of quantitative variable that can take on any value within a given range, like height or weight.

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Discrete Variables

A type of quantitative variable that can only take on whole number values, like the number of children in a family.

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Representative Sample

A sample that accurately represents all the different groups or categories within a larger population. Think of it like a miniature version of the whole group.

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Simple Random Sample

A type of sampling where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being chosen, like drawing names from a hat.

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Systematic Random Sample

A sampling technique where individuals are selected from a population at regular intervals, like picking every 10th student from a list.

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Convenience Sample

A sample where individuals are chosen based on their availability or ease of access, like asking your classmates for a survey.

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Non-Probability Sample

A sample that is not randomly selected. This can lead to biased results because some individuals are more likely to be chosen than others.

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Standard Deviation (SD)

A measure of how spread out data points are from the average (mean). It's a way to understand how much variation exists in your data.

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Positively Skewed Distribution

A type of data distribution where the tail on the right side of the distribution is longer than the left.

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Negatively Skewed Distribution

A type of data distribution where the tail on the left side of the distribution is longer than the right.

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Clinical Trial

A study that investigates the effectiveness and safety of a new drug or vaccine by comparing it to a standard treatment. It aims to determine if the new treatment is better, worse, or equal to the existing one.

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Experimental Study

A type of study where researchers deliberately assign subjects to different groups (treatment or control) to study the effect of a specific factor.

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Stratified Random Sampling

A sampling method that groups the population into smaller subgroups (strata) based on shared characteristics. Each stratum is then sampled randomly, ensuring representation from all groups.

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Multistage Random Sampling

A sampling method that involves multiple stages of random selection. First, larger groups (clusters) are randomly chosen, then smaller units within those clusters are randomly selected.

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Cluster Sampling

A sampling method where the entire population is divided into naturally occurring groups (clusters), and a few clusters are randomly selected to represent the whole population.

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Simple Table

A table that presents data on a single characteristic of a dataset, such as the frequency of different categories or values.

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Complex Table

A table that presents data on two or more characteristics of a dataset, examining the relationships between them.

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Frequency Table

A table that shows how often each value or category occurs within a dataset.

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Mode

The most commonly occurring value or category in a dataset.

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Standard Deviation

A measure of how spread out the data is around the mean. It tells you how much individual observations typically deviate from the average.

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Study Notes

Research Proposal Steps

  • Title: Concise, clear, and accurate title (approx. 10-12 words)
  • Introduction: Background information and context.
  • Objectives: Specific, achievable, measurable, and time-bound (SMART) research objectives.
  • Components of Research Paper:
    • Title Page: Includes author names and titles, journal name (if applicable)
    • Abstract: Summary of the research paper (100-250 words).
    • Introduction: Background information, significance, objectives.
    • Methods: Description of the place, study setting and how the study was done.
    • Results: Findings of the study.
    • Conclusions: Summary of the results.
    • Recommendations: Suggestions for future research.
    • No Reference/Tables/Figures/Abbreviations
    • Material and Methods: Detailed description, Past tense.
    • Study Design: Detailed Methods of Sampling, Sample size, subjects, inclusion and exclusion criteria.
    • Statistical Methods: Appropriate statistical tests used.
    • Ethical Considerations: Ethical approval obtained and followed.
    • Define Variables and Data: Clearly defines variables and data.

Types of Research Studies

  • Observational Studies:
    • Descriptive Studies (Personal, Place, Time): Case reports, case series, correlation studies, cross-sectional studies.
    • Analytic Studies: Case-control studies, cohort studies (prospective studies).
  • Experimental Studies: Clinical trials, preventative trials, population trials.

Data Collection Methods

  • Historical Records
  • Experiments
  • Surveys: Comprehensive, sample surveys.

Sampling Methods

  • Probability Sampling:
    • Simple Random Sampling: Coins, balls (easiest form of probability sampling).
    • Systematic Random Sampling: Well-distributed across the population.
    • Stratified Random Sampling: Represents all population groups.
    • Multistage Random Sampling: Starts with a large population, samples progressively.
    • Cluster Sampling: Entire population (all chosen).
  • Non-Probability Sampling:
    • Purposive Sampling: Pre-test, pilot study, quota samples, convenience samples.
  • Criteria for Sampling: Sufficient sample size. Represents all individuals.

Types of Tables

  • Simple: Single characteristic.
  • Complex: Multiple characteristics.
  • Frequency Table: How often something happened.

Types of Graphs

  • Bar Graph: Categorical (qualitative) data (simple, complex, component).
  • Histogram: Continuous (quantitative) data.
  • Pie Chart: Categorical (qualitative) data.
  • Line Graph: Trends over time.

Measures of Central Tendency

  • Mean: Average of observations.
  • Median: Middle observation (ranked ascending/descending order).
  • Mode: Most frequent observation

Measures of Dispersion

  • Range: Difference between highest and lowest observations.
  • Standard Deviation: Average amount individual measurements differ.

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Steps of Writing Research Proposal PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various clinical research methodologies including case control studies, retrospective studies, and clinical trials. This quiz covers the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of different study designs in medical research.

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