Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the minimum number of additional symptoms required for a diagnosis of a moderate depressive episode?
What is the minimum number of additional symptoms required for a diagnosis of a moderate depressive episode?
- At least three
- At least six (correct)
- At least four
- At least five
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for categorizing a severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for categorizing a severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms?
- All three symptoms in criterion B must be present
- The patient may experience hallucinations (correct)
- No depressive stupor should be present
- Additional symptoms must be present to total at least eight
For a severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms, which condition must be fulfilled?
For a severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms, which condition must be fulfilled?
- The patient must experience constant agitation
- The criteria for schizophrenia must be met
- There can be no additional symptoms from criterion C
- Delusions or hallucinations must be present (correct)
Which symptom is NOT explicitly listed as a requirement for depressive episodes?
Which symptom is NOT explicitly listed as a requirement for depressive episodes?
In diagnosing a depressive episode, what type of symptoms should be assessed?
In diagnosing a depressive episode, what type of symptoms should be assessed?
What is required for a diagnosis of severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms concerning the general criteria for depressive episodes?
What is required for a diagnosis of severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms concerning the general criteria for depressive episodes?
How many additional symptoms from criterion C are needed for the diagnosis of a severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms?
How many additional symptoms from criterion C are needed for the diagnosis of a severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms?
Which of the following symptoms can contribute to the diagnosis of a moderate depressive episode?
Which of the following symptoms can contribute to the diagnosis of a moderate depressive episode?
What is the primary role of the interviewer when using the SCAN method?
What is the primary role of the interviewer when using the SCAN method?
Which type of diagnosis can SCAN generate?
Which type of diagnosis can SCAN generate?
What is a key disadvantage of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)?
What is a key disadvantage of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)?
What is one advantage of using CIDI compared to semi-structured interviews?
What is one advantage of using CIDI compared to semi-structured interviews?
In the context of structured interviews, what does SCAN pay little attention to?
In the context of structured interviews, what does SCAN pay little attention to?
What is the primary cause of amnesia?
What is the primary cause of amnesia?
What is the main method of data input for both SCAN and CIDI after symptom assessment?
What is the main method of data input for both SCAN and CIDI after symptom assessment?
What is a significant concern raised in recent reviews regarding standardised interviews like CIDI?
What is a significant concern raised in recent reviews regarding standardised interviews like CIDI?
Which characteristic distinguishes neurosis from psychosis?
Which characteristic distinguishes neurosis from psychosis?
What is the nature of the questions asked in a CIDI interview?
What is the nature of the questions asked in a CIDI interview?
What mechanism is used in conversion and dissociative disorders to transform emotional experiences?
What mechanism is used in conversion and dissociative disorders to transform emotional experiences?
Which of the following is a limitation of the traditional distinction between neuroses and psychoses?
Which of the following is a limitation of the traditional distinction between neuroses and psychoses?
What is a characteristic of hallucinations associated with schizophrenia?
What is a characteristic of hallucinations associated with schizophrenia?
According to Jaspers, how does a person with neurosis respond to difficulties?
According to Jaspers, how does a person with neurosis respond to difficulties?
Which of the following describes 'imperative hallucinations'?
Which of the following describes 'imperative hallucinations'?
Which type of auditory hallucination involves hearing one's own thoughts at the same time they occur?
Which type of auditory hallucination involves hearing one's own thoughts at the same time they occur?
What differentiates obsessive–compulsive disorder from other neurotic behaviors?
What differentiates obsessive–compulsive disorder from other neurotic behaviors?
Which of the following statements best describes the current understanding of functional disorders?
Which of the following statements best describes the current understanding of functional disorders?
How do the auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia often differ from those in healthy individuals?
How do the auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia often differ from those in healthy individuals?
How is the distinction between neuroses and personality disorders viewed according to Schneider?
How is the distinction between neuroses and personality disorders viewed according to Schneider?
Schneider’s first-rank symptoms are thought to be diagnostic of which condition?
Schneider’s first-rank symptoms are thought to be diagnostic of which condition?
What type of voices might individuals hear during auditory hallucinations?
What type of voices might individuals hear during auditory hallucinations?
Which phenomenon refers to hearing one's thoughts after they have occurred?
Which phenomenon refers to hearing one's thoughts after they have occurred?
What effect do auditory hallucinations have on behavior?
What effect do auditory hallucinations have on behavior?
What is a common effect on the perception of a phantom limb over time?
What is a common effect on the perception of a phantom limb over time?
In patients with organic hallucinations, how do they typically react to visual hallucinations?
In patients with organic hallucinations, how do they typically react to visual hallucinations?
What distinguishes somatic hallucinations from other types of hallucinations?
What distinguishes somatic hallucinations from other types of hallucinations?
How might patients with depression respond to voices that instruct them to harm themselves?
How might patients with depression respond to voices that instruct them to harm themselves?
What is a characteristic feature of Lilliputian hallucinations?
What is a characteristic feature of Lilliputian hallucinations?
What is the reaction of delirious patients towards their hallucinations?
What is the reaction of delirious patients towards their hallucinations?
Which lobe's lesions are associated with somatic hallucinations?
Which lobe's lesions are associated with somatic hallucinations?
In acute schizophrenia, how does the patient usually perceive the onset of voices?
In acute schizophrenia, how does the patient usually perceive the onset of voices?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Amnesia and Brain Damage
- Amnesia typically arises from bilateral brain damage; however, unilateral damage can also lead to amnesia.
- The left hemisphere is more crucial than the right for the development of amnesia.
Functional Disorders
- Functional disorders lack clear brain disease but may involve subtle, cellular-level brain changes.
- Traditionally categorized as neuroses (with insight, partial personality involvement, intact reality testing) and psychoses (lack of insight, widespread personality distortion, false environments).
- Recent understanding acknowledges that patients with neurotic disorders may lack insight, while psychotic patients may seek help.
Symptomatology of Mood Disorders
- Key symptoms for depressive episodes include loss of self-esteem, excessive guilt, thoughts of death, diminished concentration, altered psychomotor activity, sleep disturbances, and appetite changes.
- Moderate depressive episodes require the presence of defined criteria, including several key symptoms.
Classification of Depressive Episodes
- Severe depressive episodes without psychotic symptoms (F32.2) require all three core symptoms and additional symptoms leading to an overarching total.
- Severe depressive episodes with psychotic symptoms (F32.3) include the criteria for severe episodes but necessitate hallucinations or delusions without meeting schizophrenia criteria.
Diagnostic Tools
- SCAN (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry) is a structured interview approach used for diagnosis, relying on symptom ratings rather than clinical judgment.
- CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) is a standardized interview suitable for non-clinicians, requiring no clinical judgment.
- Both diagnostic methods utilize algorithms to classify symptoms according to DSM-IV or ICD-10.
Hallucinations
- Hallucinatory experiences in schizophrenia can vary in quality, with voices that may provide directives or commentary on the individual's actions.
- Auditory hallucinations may present as neutral, abusive, or even benign, and can affect the patient's behavior significantly.
- Concepts such as Gedankenlautwerden (thought echo) are described, signaling the phenomenon of hearing one’s thoughts vocalized.
Phantom Limb and Perception
- Phantom sensations may arise post-surgery, illustrating discrepancies between the phantom and previous limb appearance.
- The perception of phantom limbs can diminish over time, with distal sensations fading faster than proximal ones.
Patient Experience with Hallucinations
- Patients experiencing organic hallucinations often exhibit fear and suspiciousness, potentially leading to harmful behaviors.
- In depressive states, patients may experience curiously-focused voices that reinforce negative self-perceptions and suicidal thoughts, often without accompanying fear.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
