Clinical Presentation of Meniere's Disease
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common etiology of optic neuritis?

  • Multiple sclerosis (correct)
  • Decreased color vision
  • Inflammation of the optic nerve
  • Periorbital pain aggravated by eye movement

    • Which clinical feature is associated with Uhthoff's phenomenon in optic neuritis?

  • Decreased color vision in one eye
  • Altered perception of motion (correct)
  • Abnormal pupil
  • Pain with eye movement

    • What does a Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) indicate in diagnostic evaluation of optic neuritis?

  • Decreased color vision
  • Papilledema
  • Optic nerve disease (correct)
  • Normal fundus exam

    • Which treatment is contraindicated for optic neuritis?

    <p>Oral steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of papilledema?

    <p>Increased intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions on FLAIR sequences are associated with optic neuritis?

    <p>Periventricular white matter lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the opening of calcium channels in the context of kinocilia depolarization or hyperpolarization?

    <p>Potassium influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is characteristic of lightheadedness?

    <p>Feeling like passing out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vertigo is usually associated with more severe imbalance and nausea?

    <p>Peripheral vertigo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nystagmus is typically seen in central vertigo?

    <p>Vertical without latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used to assess nystagmus qualitatively and quantitatively by computer?

    <p>ENG/VNG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes upward/downward movement of fluids in the horizontal semicircular canal during caloric testing?

    <p>Warm/cold air stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Meibomian Glands?

    <p>To make the oily portion of tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the eye is responsible for making the aqueous (watery) portion of tears?

    <p>Lacrimal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Orbicularis oculi muscle?

    <p>To close the eyelids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for moving the eye and pupil constriction?

    <p>Oculomotor Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the eye is responsible for producing the mucin layer of tears?

    <p>Conjunctiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Ciliary Body Muscle?

    <p>Controls the amount of lens movement for focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for moving the eye inward (medially)?

    <p>Medial Rectus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Conjunctivitis?

    <p>Tearing, itching, and redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential function of Canaliculi in the eye anatomy?

    <p>To drain tears to Lacrimal Sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Tarsal plates in the eye anatomy?

    <p>Rigid cartilage structure of lids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Nasal congestion, itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test does NOT distinguish between allergic rhinitis and non-allergic, eosinophilic rhinitis?

    <p>Nasal smears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach generates IgG blocking antibodies to inhibit IgE dependent activation in mast cells and basophils in allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Subcutaneous immunotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of non-allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Vasomotor Rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Vasomotor Rhinitis diagnosed?

    <p>Ruling out allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Rhinosinusitis from Acute, Subacute, and Chronic forms?

    <p>Duration of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is associated with a 'cherry red spot' on fundoscopy?

    <p>Retinal Artery Occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate initial treatment for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition presents with sudden severe unilateral vision loss and a 'cherry red spot' on fundoscopy?

    <p>Retinal Artery Occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mainstay of treatment for Retinal Vein Occlusion causing macular edema?

    <p>Intravitreal steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by microaneurysms, hard exudates, and cotton wool spots on fundoscopy?

    <p>Diabetic Retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vision loss in Age Related Macular Degeneration?

    <p>Choroidal neovascular membrane formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is linked to the formation of drusen and loss of retinal pigment epithelium?

    <p>Age Related Macular Degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Stroke of the eye' is a term commonly associated with which eye condition?

    <p>Retinal Artery Occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?

    <p>AREDS2 vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition has a risk factor of arterial compression onto veins leading to thrombus formation?

    <p>Retinal Vein Occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with a layer of white blood cells or pus in the anterior chamber of the eye?

    <p>Iritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of chronic vision loss?

    <p>Cataract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eye condition is characterized by bulging eyes, double vision, and pain behind the eyes?

    <p>Thyroid Eye Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is recommended for Dacryocystitis?

    <p>Surgical drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What eye condition is an indication for urgent surgical intervention if muscle entrapment is present?

    <p>Orbital Blow out Fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eye infection is associated with a layer of white blood cells or pus in the anterior chamber and severe pain and vision loss?

    <p>Endophthalmitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct treatment for Cellulitis in the orbital tissues?

    <p>IV antibiotics and drainage surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eye condition presents with a swollen lower eyelid, excess tearing, and mucopurulent discharge upon palpation?

    <p>Dacryocystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of irreversible blindness due to damage to the optic nerve?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of conjunctivitis presents with eyelids stuck together and yellowish mucus discharge?

    <p>Viral conjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia or gonorrhea?

    <p>Ofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with Epithelial Keratitis in a branching pattern?

    <p>Herpes simplex keratitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of chemical/thermal eye injuries involving acids?

    <p>May require neutralization with irrigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to neurotrophic keratitis?

    <p>Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for primary HSV infection causing stomatitis or fever blisters?

    <p>Acyclovir 400mg 5X/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Dry Eyes" is a common term for which condition?

    <p>Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Small opaque lesions in the peripheral cornea related to contact lens wear" is associated with which condition?

    <p>Marginal Keratitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition presents with fluctuating, progressive sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus?

    <p>Vestibular migraine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for Meniere's disease?

    <p>Vestibular rehabilitation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is NOT typically used for migraine prophylaxis according to the text?

    <p>Ibuprofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of central vertigo diagnosis?

    <p>Direction-changing nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a surgical treatment option for acoustic neuroma?

    <p>Focused radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with Wegener’s granulomatosis?

    <p>Nasal obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a trigger for vestibular migraine according to the text?

    <p>Antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?

    <p>Provoked by specific head movements like rolling over in bed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of peripheral vertigo according to the text?

    <p>Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In vestibular neuronitis, what is the clinical presentation typically characterized by?

    <p>Horizontal and rotary nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary first-line management for Labyrinthitis according to the text?

    <p>Glucocorticoids (steroids)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of Meniere's Syndrome?

    <p>Idiopathic distension of endolymphatic compartment due to excessive fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature between vestibular neuronitis and labyrinthitis?

    <p>Extent of inflammation involving vestibular and cochlear portions of cranial nerve VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major factor is most strongly associated with bacterial rhinosinusitis?

    <p>Symptoms persisting for 5-7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is least commonly associated with acute rhinosinusitis?

    <p>Group A streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antibiotic of choice for treating acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?

    <p>Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is most likely to result from bacterial sinusitis?

    <p>Cavernous sinus thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration threshold to differentiate between acute and chronic sinusitis?

    <p>&gt;12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is characteristic of Ludwig's angina?

    <p>Soft palate swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group is peritonsillar abscess most likely to occur?

    <p>Adolescents and young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of retropharyngeal abscess?

    <p>Trismus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is NOT recommended for hand, foot and mouth disease?

    <p>IV antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in Ludwig's angina?

    <p>Soft palate swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves a 'Hot Potato' voice as a symptom?

    <p>Retropharyngeal abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition presents with 'hairy, thick, white' lesions on the tongue?

    <p>Hairy Leukoplakia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line therapy for Anterior Epistaxis?

    <p>Direct Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical presentation is characteristic of Pseudomembranous Candidiasis?

    <p>White lesions that do not rub off easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of Posterior Epistaxis bleeding?

    <p>Woodruff’s plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition presents with a 'cherry red spot' on fundoscopy?

    <p>Ludwig’s Angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Nonallergic Rhinitis?

    <p>Drugs like cocaine or NSAIDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia?

    <p>Epistaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is typically associated with Epithelial Dysplasia?

    <p>NSAIDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mainstay treatment for Ludwig's Angina?

    <p>ENT emergency intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure plays a role in the diagnosis of Nasal foreign bodies in children?

    <p>Nasal endoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is most commonly associated with Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis?

    <p>Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main causative agent of Vincent’s Angina?

    <p>Spirochetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a 'Strawberry Tongue' and may be caused by Streptococcus infection?

    <p>Scarlet fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?

    <p>Metronidazole 500mg tid for 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Pharyngitis caused by Staphylococcus?

    <p>Positive Monospot test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may lead to serious sequelae in immunocompromised hosts who have viral pharyngitis?

    <p>Prominent systemic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Strawberry Tongue' is a characteristic finding in which condition?

    <p>Scarlet fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Sparing the face, palms, and soles' is a characteristic feature of which condition?

    <p>'Scarlet fever'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Gray necrotic papillae between teeth' is most indicative of which condition?

    <p>'ANUG'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Spirochetes and Fusiform bacteria' are implicated in the etiology of which condition?

    <p>'Trench Mouth'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is NOT a major factor in the etiology of acute rhinosinusitis?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antibiotic of choice for treating acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is NOT associated with bacterial sinusitis?

    <p>Pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is recommended for Cellulitis in the orbital tissues?

    <p>IV antibiotics and surgical drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by inflammation of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses lasting more than 12 consecutive weeks?

    <p>Chronic sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by 'Lollipop injury' and typically involves suppurative lymph nodes?

    <p>Retropharyngeal abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of both retropharyngeal abscess and peritonsillar abscess?

    <p>Drooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition warrants a tracheotomy, I&D of abscess, dental extraction, and IV antibiotics due to its severity?

    <p>Ludwig's angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates Ludwig's angina from other neck infections?

    <p>&quot;Hot Potato&quot; voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common symptom is shared between peritonsillar abscess and hand, foot, and mouth disease?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition typically involves systemic antifungal treatment with ketoconazole or fluconazole?

    <p>Peritonsillar abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nasal epistaxis is considered a medical emergency?

    <p>Posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common initial management for Posterior Epistaxis?

    <p>Balloon catheters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessel is primarily involved in Anterior Epistaxis?

    <p>Sphenopalatine artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line therapy for Posterior Epistaxis if balloon catheters are unsuccessful?

    <p>Surgical cauterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dental condition is characterized by silent, occasional bleeding during brushing or flossing?

    <p>Chronic periodontitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common symptom is associated with Candidiasis in its chronic hyperplastic form?

    <p>Circular white lesions resistant to removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic presentation of Aphthous Ulcers on the gingiva?

    <p>Multiple red lesions without a halo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Red lesions with mucosal erythema under dentures" are most likely indicative of which oral condition?

    <p>Erythematous Candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Ludwig’s Angina?

    <p>Sudden onset of vertigo and imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common causative organism in bacterial pharyngitis?

    <p>Streptococcus (Group A beta hemolytic)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by necrotic papillae between teeth, poor oral hygiene, and a bad smell (Olfactory input)?

    <p>Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Vincent's Angina?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG) more common in?

    <p>Young stressed adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Scarlet Fever caused by streptococcal infection?

    <p>'Strawberry Tongue'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are implicated in the etiology of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis?

    <p>Spirochetes and Fusiform bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Trench Mouth' is another name for which condition?

    <p>Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is NOT commonly associated with acute rhinosinusitis?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antibiotic of choice for treating acute bacterial rhinosinusitis after failure of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid therapy?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major factor is strongly associated with chronic sinusitis?

    <p>Hyposmia/anosmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of bacterial sinusitis that involves the inflammation of bone marrow tissue?

    <p>Osteomyelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging modality is the diagnostic tool of choice if complications of sinusitis are expected?

    <p>CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of peritonsillar abscess?

    <p>Neck stiffness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is peritonsillar abscess more likely to occur in?

    <p>Young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for peritonsillar abscess?

    <p>Antibiotics (clindamycin, Augmentin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of peritonsillar abscess-related 'hot potato' voice?

    <p>Muffled voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what percentage of cases does peritonsillar abscess have a risk of recurrence?

    <p>~15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial management for Posterior Epistaxis?

    <p>Balloon catheters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the source of most Anterior Epistaxis?

    <p>Kiesselbach venous plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic presentation of Hairy Leukoplakia?

    <p>White patch on the tongue with EBV association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by white patches in response to irritants like tobacco and alcohol?

    <p>Epithelial Dysplasia (Leukoplakia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common fungal cause of nasal infections?

    <p>Aspergillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common bacterial species associated with Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis?

    <p>Porphyromonas gingivalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can differentiate between Pseudomembranous and Hyperplastic Candidiasis?

    <p>'Rubbing off' characteristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition presents with fluctuating, progressive sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus?

    <p>Meniere's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Strawberry Tongue' is a characteristic finding in which condition?

    <p>&quot;Scarlet Fever&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following management options is appropriate for Anterior Epistaxis?

    <p>Surgical cauterization with silver nitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?

    <p>Clindamycin 300 mg qid for 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are implicated in the etiology of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis?

    <p>Fusobacterium nucleatum and Treponema denticola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in Ludwig's angina?

    <p>Submandibular abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Epstein-Barr virus infection?

    <p>Lymphadenopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic rash seen in Scarlet fever?

    <p>&quot;Target-like&quot; lesions on the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is the treatment of choice for Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection?

    <p>Penicillin G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Staphylococcal pharyngitis from Streptococcal pharyngitis?

    <p>&quot;Pustules on the tonsils&quot; in Staphylococcal pharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Herpetic gingivostomatitis from Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?

    <p>&quot;Necrotic papillae between teeth&quot; in Herpetic gingivostomatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Trench Mouth (Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis) from Aphthous Ulcers?

    <p>Presence of necrotic papillae in Trench Mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is NOT associated with Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment approach for Ludwig's angina according to the text?

    <p>Tracheotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical spaces are involved in Ludwig's angina as described in the text?

    <p>Sublingual and retropharyngeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual duration of Hand, Foot, and Mouth disease according to the text?

    <p>72 hours to a week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Retropharyngeal abscess as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microbes are often implicated in Ludwig's angina based on the text?

    <p>Aerobes/anaerobes often gas producing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic presentation of a 'Lollipop injury' according to the text?

    <p>Injury deep in the throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Optic Neuritis

    • Most common etiology is demyelination
    • Uhthoff's phenomenon: worsening of vision with exercise or heat
    • RAPD (Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect) indicates optic nerve damage
    • Contraindicated treatment: corticosteroids

    Papilledema

    • Etiology: increased intracranial pressure

    MRI Findings

    • Optic neuritis: high-signal lesions on FLAIR sequences

    Ear, Nose, and Throat

    • Vertigo: lightheadedness or spinning sensation
    • Severe imbalance and nausea: central vertigo
    • Nystagmus: typically seen in central vertigo
    • Eye movement: controlled by cranial nerves III, IV, and VI
    • Pupil constriction: controlled by cranial nerve III
    • Orbicularis oculi muscle: responsible for eyelid closure
    • Ciliary body muscle: responsible for lens accommodation
    • Tarsal plates: rigid, cartilaginous structures in the eyelid
    • Canaliculi: responsible for draining excess tears
    • Meibomian glands: produce meibum, an oily substance in tears

    Allergic Rhinitis

    • Characteristic feature: allergic response to environmental allergens
    • Diagnostic test: allergy testing
    • Treatment: generate IgG blocking antibodies to inhibit IgE-dependent activation

    Non-Allergic Rhinitis

    • Most common cause: vasomotor rhinitis
    • Diagnosis: based on symptoms and lack of allergic response

    Rhinosinusitis

    • Distinguishing feature: acute, subacute, and chronic forms
    • Diagnosis: based on symptoms and imaging studies

    Eye Conditions

    • Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO): 'cherry red spot' on fundoscopy
    • Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: most appropriate initial treatment is lumbar puncture
    • Retinal Vein Occlusion: mainstay of treatment is anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy
    • Age Related Macular Degeneration: primary cause of vision loss is photoreceptor loss
    • Diabetic Retinopathy: characterized by microaneurysms, hard exudates, and cotton wool spots

    Ear Conditions

    • Meniere's Disease: characterized by fluctuating, progressive sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus
    • Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): characteristic feature is episodic vertigo
    • Vestibular Neuronitis: clinical presentation is characterized by sudden, severe vertigo

    Other Conditions

    • Ludwig's Angina: clinical presentation includes a 'hot potato' voice and difficulty swallowing
    • Retropharyngeal Abscess: common feature is a bulge in the posterior pharyngeal wall
    • Peritonsillar Abscess: most likely to occur in young adults
    • Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: treatment is supportive care
    • Pseudomembranous Candidiasis: clinical presentation includes white, patchy lesions on the tongue
    • Nasal Foreign Bodies: diagnosis is based on symptoms and imaging studies
    • Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis: main causative agent is Fusobacterium spp.
    • Vincent's Angina: characterized by a 'strawberry tongue' and may be caused by Streptococcus infection

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    Description

    Learn about the clinical presentation of Meniere's Disease, a disorder of the inner ear characterized by episodic peripheral vertigo attacks, hearing loss, and other symptoms. Explore the evaluation process, diagnosis criteria, and treatment options for this condition.

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