Clinical Pharmacology Database Comparison
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of NatMed?

  • Evidence-based guidelines for diseases
  • Natural medicines and supplements (correct)
  • Pharmacy education
  • Toxicology and drug interactions

    • UpToDate is considered the best resource for drug interaction checks.

    False

    What does BUD stand for in the context of compounding?

    Beyond-Use Date

    Match the following resources with their strengths:

    <p>Access Pharmacy = Excellent for pharmacy education DynaMedex = Quick decision-making NatMed = Extensive information on supplements UpToDate = Trusted for disease management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is unique to DynaMedex?

    <p>Evidence-based clinical decision support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical Pharmacology is best for detailed disease management.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the handwashing duration be when maintaining sterility?

    <p>At least 30 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first step in the proper gowning process is to remove personal items like _____ and _____ .

    <p>jewelry, watches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of Access Pharmacy?

    <p>Focus on immediate drug lookup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which database is known for its comprehensive drug monographs and real-time alerts?

    <p>Clinical Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lexicomp provides resources specifically for pediatric and geriatric patients.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is often used for comparing multiple drugs within the same category.

    <p>Facts &amp; Comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pharmacology databases with their strengths:

    <p>Clinical Pharmacology = User-friendly interface Facts &amp; Comparisons = Robust comparison tools Lexicomp = Focus on hospital settings Micromedex = Trusted for toxicology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature does Micromedex NOT provide?

    <p>Drug comparison tables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DynaMedex is widely recognized for providing only herbal medication information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ database is recognized as the gold standard for toxicology.

    <p>Micromedex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which database is specifically noted for its herbal and dietary supplement information?

    <p>Facts &amp; Comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method used to identify potential risks in processes?

    <p>FMEA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High-risk medications are rarely involved in hospital admissions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RCA stand for in the context of error management?

    <p>Root Cause Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    REMS ensures safe medication use for ______-risk drugs.

    <p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>RCA = Investigates underlying causes of errors FMEA = Proactively identifies potential risks REMS = Ensures safe medication use for high-risk drugs Communication After Errors = Empathetic response to unanticipated outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An empathetic response is vital after communication following an error.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one high-risk medication commonly involved in hospital admissions.

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of using tertiary literature?

    <p>It may be outdated if not frequently updated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary literature provides quick access to indexed primary studies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a standardized documentation method for tracking patient care.

    <p>SOAP note</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of literature with their characteristics:

    <p>Primary = Direct source of original data. Secondary = Provides quick access to primary studies. Tertiary = Easy to use and interpret.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the Pharmacist Patient Care Process (PPCP) involves developing a patient-specific care plan?

    <p>Plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interdisciplinary care means that specialists work independently in their areas of expertise.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary purpose of _______ is to ensure clarity, conciseness, and relevance in patient documentation.

    <p>SOAP notes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a tenet of professionalism?

    <p>Profit maximization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which database is primarily U.S.-centric and focused on drug interactions and IV compatibility?

    <p>Clinical Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lexicomp provides extensive resources specific to pediatric and geriatric patients.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the 'gold standard' for toxicology and disease management in drug information?

    <p>Micromedex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facts & Comparisons is especially useful for evaluating multiple drugs within the same _______.

    <p>category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following databases with their limitations:

    <p>Clinical Pharmacology = Lacks detailed disease management guidelines Facts &amp; Comparisons = Interface is slightly less intuitive Lexicomp = Cost can be prohibitive for smaller practices Micromedex = Interface may seem outdated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is unique to Micromedex?

    <p>POISINDEX database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facts & Comparisons provides comprehensive information on non-prescription and herbal medications.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of primary literature?

    <p>Direct source of original data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tertiary literature is always the most current and frequently updated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of secondary literature.

    <p>PubMed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary literature acts as a ______ between raw research and tertiary summaries.

    <p>bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the literature type with its primary feature:

    <p>Primary = Original research or clinical studies Secondary = Indexes or databases that summarize research Tertiary = Summarized and interpreted information Peer-reviewed journals = Publish original studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it most appropriate to use tertiary literature?

    <p>For clinical decision-making or quick reference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tertiary literature typically includes a high level of detail.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of secondary literature?

    <p>Potential for incomplete indexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following databases is primarily focused on pharmacy education and reference?

    <p>Access Pharmacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NatMed includes detailed information on traditional pharmaceuticals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ risk compounding category requires sterilization after compounding.

    <p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    UpToDate frequently updates its information with the latest research.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The best way to manage contamination during sterile compounding is through proper _____ processes.

    <p>gowning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of primary literature?

    <p>Original research presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All databases provide comprehensive details about drug interactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common component found in the DynaMedex database.

    <p>Disease-specific monographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In compounding, the term 'medium risk' involves complex manipulations and has a BUD of _____ hours at room temperature.

    <p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following databases with their best uses:

    <p>Lexicomp = Drug interaction checks Facts &amp; Comparisons = Drug comparisons NatMed = Herbal product information UpToDate = Guideline-based treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum Beyond-Use Date (BUD) for immediate-use products unless in emergencies?

    <p>1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medium risk compounded materials require less stringent aseptic techniques than low risk.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one environmental factor that can contribute to medication errors.

    <p>Distractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proper gowning process includes putting on a clean, non-shedding _____ after hand washing.

    <p>gown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the risk levels of compounding with their correct BUDs.

    <p>Low Risk = 48 hours at room temperature Medium Risk = 30 hours at room temperature High Risk = 24 hours at room temperature Immediate Use = 1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is commonly involved in hospital admissions?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Single-dose vials must be used within 12 hours after opening.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FMEA stand for, and what is its primary purpose?

    <p>Failure Mode Effects Analysis; to proactively identify potential risks in processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ cleaning process must start from the back and move to the front.

    <p>hood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in the proper gowning process involves preventing respiratory droplet contamination?

    <p>Wearing face masks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular glove disinfection is crucial during compounding.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to gloves before starting compounding?

    <p>Disinfect them using sterile 70% isopropyl alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The BUD for multi-dose vials is _____ days unless specified otherwise.

    <p>28</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the risk levels of compounding with the associated necessary actions.

    <p>Low Risk = Sterility testing not required unless extending the BUD Medium Risk = Requires more stringent aseptic techniques High Risk = Requires sterilization after compounding Immediate Use = Must be used within 1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary advantage of tertiary literature?

    <p>Provides easy access and interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary literature is the best choice for obtaining detailed evidence or direct data from studies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five steps of the Pharmacist Patient Care Process (PPCP)?

    <p>Collect, Assess, Plan, Implement, Follow-Up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following literature types with their uses:

    <p>Primary = Research studies and original data Secondary = Synthesis of multiple studies Tertiary = Quick reference for clinical guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interdisciplinary care involves specialists collaborating for holistic patient outcomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pharmacy licensure requirements?

    <p>Educational accreditation and state exams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ focuses on research and independent study compared to residency's clinical practice focus.

    <p>fellowship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following allied health professionals with their primary roles:

    <p>Physician = Diagnose and manage patient care Dietician = Develop nutrition plans Physical Therapist = Enhance mobility and function Social Worker = Address psychological aspects of care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome measure focuses on patient satisfaction?

    <p>Humanistic outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active listening is not considered an essential communication skill in healthcare.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does BUD stand for in compounding?

    <p>Beyond Use Date</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of __________ is to provide standardized documentation of patient care.

    <p>SOAP notes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of SOAP notes with their descriptions:

    <p>Subjective = Patient-reported symptoms Objective = Measurable data Assessment = Clinical interpretation Plan = Treatment goals and interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which database is noted for its extensive focus on clinical pharmacology and patient care in hospital settings?

    <p>Lexicomp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical Pharmacology includes detailed disease management guidelines.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ database is known as the gold standard for toxicology and disease management.

    <p>Micromedex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is unique to Lexicomp?

    <p>AHFS content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following databases with their strengths:

    <p>Clinical Pharmacology = User-friendly interface and drug interaction checker Facts &amp; Comparisons = Robust comparison tools for evaluating multiple drugs Lexicomp = Pediatric and geriatric-specific resources Micromedex = Trusted for toxicology and acute care scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One strength of Micromedex is its strong evidence-based content for __________ care.

    <p>acute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which database specializes in natural medicines and alternative therapies?

    <p>NatMed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Access Pharmacy primarily focuses on immediate drug lookup and clinical application.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the risk level 'High Risk' in compounding require?

    <p>Sterilization after compounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DynaMedex is an evidence-based clinical decision support tool focusing on _____ management.

    <p>disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compounding risk levels with their respective Beyond-Use Dates (BUDs):

    <p>Low Risk = 48 hours at room temperature Medium Risk = 30 hours at room temperature High Risk = 24 hours at room temperature Immediate-use = 1 hour maximum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following resources is recognized for its extensive monographs on drug interactions?

    <p>Clinical Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    UpToDate is frequently updated with the latest research to aid in disease management.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of literature is represented by original research or clinical studies?

    <p>Primary literature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ provides detailed disease state management resources for pharmacy students.

    <p>Access Pharmacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following databases with their primary focus:

    <p>NatMed = Natural medicines DynaMedex = Clinical decision support UpToDate = Evidence-based guidelines Access Pharmacy = Pharmacy education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evidence-based ratings in NatMed are used to evaluate therapies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum Beyond-Use Date for immediate-use products?

    <p>1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary literature serves as a bridge between _____ and tertiary summaries.

    <p>primary literature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum Beyond-Use Date (BUD) for immediate-use products?

    <p>1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sterility testing is always required for low-risk compounding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one common high-risk medication involved in hospital admissions.

    <p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first step in the proper gowning process is to don _____ covers.

    <p>shoe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the risk levels with their descriptions:

    <p>Low Risk = Simple admixtures requiring no sterility testing Medium Risk = Multiple additives with stringent aseptic techniques High Risk = Use of non-sterile ingredients requiring sterilization Immediate-Use = Maximum BUD of 1 hour unless in emergencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency is responsible for ensuring the safe use of high-risk medications?

    <p>REMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of performing Root Cause Analysis (RCA)?

    <p>To investigate underlying causes of errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gloves should be disinfected using _____ before starting compounding.

    <p>sterile 70% isopropyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key factors affecting Beyond-Use Dates (BUDs)?

    <p>Risk level of compounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular glove disinfection is not necessary during compounding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order for cleaning the laminar airflow hood?

    <p>Back to front and top to bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of identifying potential risks in processes is called _____ Mode Effects Analysis.

    <p>Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes tertiary literature?

    <p>Summarized and reviewed information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary literature is focused on providing quick access to multiple studies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the Five-Step Pharmacist Patient Care Process (PPCP)?

    <p>Collect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following literature types with their advantages:

    <p>Primary = Direct source of original data. Secondary = Quick access to indexed primary studies. Tertiary = Easy to use and interpret.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medical literature can be categorized into seven types.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one barrier to pharmaceutical care.

    <p>Lack of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following healthcare roles with their primary functions:

    <p>Physicians = Diagnose and manage patient care. Dieticians = Develop nutrition plans. Occupational Therapists = Focus on rehabilitation. Social Workers = Address social and psychological aspects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts refers to care where specialists work independently?

    <p>Multidisciplinary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethics and professional development are not part of pharmacy professionalism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PPCP stand for?

    <p>Pharmacist Patient Care Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Healthcare cost savings can be measured in which type of outcomes?

    <p>economic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of literature serves as a bridge between raw research and tertiary summaries?

    <p>Secondary Literature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tertiary literature always provides the most detailed information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of REMS?

    <p>To ensure safe use of medications with serious risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is defined as the date after which a compounded product should not be used.

    <p>beyond-use date</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of literature with their advantages:

    <p>Primary Literature = Direct source of original data. Secondary Literature = Quick access to indexed primary studies. Tertiary Literature = Easy to use and interpret.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which database is typically used to summarize primary research effectively?

    <p>PubMed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The BUD for low-risk sterile compounding at room temperature is 48 hours.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary literature is characterized by __________ or clinical studies.

    <p>original research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the characteristics with the types of literature they describe:

    <p>Primary Literature = Time-consuming to read. Secondary Literature = Requires understanding search strategies. Tertiary Literature = May be outdated if not frequently updated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major disadvantage of tertiary literature?

    <p>Potential for author bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Investigating multiple studies is best suited for using primary literature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one requirement for hazardous drug storage?

    <p>Negative-pressure room with appropriate ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ step in the PPCP involves gathering patient-specific information.

    <p>collect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following humanistic outcomes is included in patient assessments?

    <p>Patient satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medication therapy management (MTM) platforms can be used to implement the PPCP.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SOAP stand for in patient documentation?

    <p>Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main goal of the 'follow-up' step in PPCP is to evaluate and adjust the __________ as needed.

    <p>care plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their roles in medication errors:

    <p>Miscommunication = Causes misunderstanding of medication instructions Outdated references = Provides incorrect information Poor labeling = Leads to improper medication use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of documenting patient care?

    <p>To ensure continuity and clarity in care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacists can maintain patient trust by demonstrating unpredictability and negligence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of an e-professionalism issue?

    <p>Sharing confidential patient information online</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The BUD for frozen sterile compounding products is __________ days.

    <p>45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the advantages of secondary literature?

    <p>Offers summaries of various studies for efficient access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a proactive approach to identifying risks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To minimize errors, it is important to __________ labeling and storage.

    <p>standardize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one requirement for cleanroom certification?

    <p>ISO 5 airflow for sterile hoods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Beyond-Use Date (BUD) for low-risk sterile compounded preparations when stored at room temperature?

    <p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medium-risk sterile compounded preparations can be stored at room temperature for 48 hours.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum BUD for multi-dose vials after opening?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low-risk preparations stored in the refrigerator have a BUD of _____ days.

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the storage condition with the corresponding BUD for high-risk sterile compounded preparations:

    <p>Room Temperature = 3 days Refrigerated = 24 hours Frozen = 45 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Beyond-Use Date (BUD) for Low Risk compounded preparations stored at room temperature?

    <p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immediately after opening a Single-Dose Vial, it can be used within 12 hours if kept in an ISO Class 5 environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum Beyond-Use Date for Multi-Dose Vials after opening?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For High Risk compounded preparations, the BUD when stored in the refrigerator is __________.

    <p>3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the storage conditions to their respective Beyond-Use Dates for Medium Risk compounded preparations:

    <p>Room Temperature = 30 hours Refrigerated = 9 days Frozen = 45 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary category of medical literature?

    <p>Randomized controlled trials in NEJM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FDA-approved uses of medications have not been thoroughly evaluated for safety and efficacy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does USP stand for in the context of sterile and hazardous drug compounding?

    <p>United States Pharmacopeia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The order for cleaning a sterile hood should follow this sequence: Ceiling → Back Wall → Side Walls → ______.

    <p>Work Surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a step in the Pharmacist Patient Care Process?

    <p>Assess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interdisciplinary care involves collaboration among healthcare professionals to provide holistic care.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one factor contributing to medication errors.

    <p>Miscommunication among providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conducting a Root Cause Analysis (RCA) in pharmacy risk management?

    <p>Investigating root causes of errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    E-professionalism in pharmacy includes the responsibility to maintain privacy online.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does REMS stand for in the context of pharmacy?

    <p>Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A compounded product's beyond-use date (BUD) ensures __________ and stability.

    <p>sterility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following risk levels with their appropriate storage conditions:

    <p>Low Risk = 14 days Refrigerated Medium Risk = 30 hours at Room Temperature High Risk = 24 hours at Room Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of medical literature includes indexing and summarizing tools?

    <p>Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The FDA evaluates all off-label uses of medications for safety and efficacy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does USP 800 focus on?

    <p>Safe handling and compounding of hazardous drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ notes consist of subjective, objective, assessment, and plan components.

    <p>SOAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of medical literature with their examples:

    <p>Primary = Randomized controlled trials Secondary = PubMed Tertiary = Lexicomp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the Pharmacist Patient Care Process (PPCP)?

    <p>Advertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interdisciplinary care means collaboration among healthcare professionals to enhance patient-centered care.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary importance of the Beyond-Use Date (BUD)?

    <p>To prevent the use of degraded or contaminated products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk management in pharmacy?

    <p>Prevent medication errors and improve safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The order of garbing for sterile compounding starts with putting on gloves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To ensure sterility, medications need to be compounded in a ______ environment.

    <p>sterile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of professionalism in pharmacy?

    <p>Accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the methods used in risk management with their descriptions:

    <p>RCA = Investigates root causes of errors FMEA = Proactively identifies risks Incident Reporting = Records errors to improve future practices Quality Control = Ensures products meet safety and efficacy standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary literature includes original research studies such as randomized controlled trials.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Primary literature, Secondary literature, and Tertiary literature refer to different types of ________.

    <p>medical literature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What’s the maximum Beyond-Use Date (BUD) for low-risk compounded medications stored at room temperature?

    <p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a primary category of medical literature?

    <p>Randomized controlled trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FDA-approved uses include those that have been evaluated for safety and efficacy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of USP 800?

    <p>To address the safe handling and compounding of hazardous drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The steps of the Pharmacist Patient Care Process (PPCP) include Collect, Assess, Plan, Implement, and ________.

    <p>Follow-Up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following categories of literature to their definitions:

    <p>Primary = Original research studies Secondary = Indexing and summarizing tools Tertiary = Summarized resources Quaternary = Emerging evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contributing factor to medication errors?

    <p>Confusing labeling or packaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Residency is more research-focused than fellowship.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one method used to maintain sterility in compounding.

    <p>Proper gowning and hand hygiene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Clinical Pharmacology Databases Comparison

    • Clinical Pharmacology: Comprehensive drug monographs (FDA-approved and off-label), prescribing/safety/interaction information, real-time alerts, drug interaction checker, IV compatibility & drug identification tools, and patient education materials (multilingual). Strong user interface for drug interactions and IV compatibility but primarily U.S.-centric. Lacks detailed disease management guidelines.
    • Facts & Comparisons: Focuses on drug comparison/formulary decisions, detailed monographs/therapeutic drug class summaries. Robust side-by-side comparison tools for evaluating multiple drugs within the same category, covers non-prescription and herbal medications, drug interaction checker/calculators, and herbal/dietary supplement information. Slightly less intuitive interface compared to other databases; limited global coverage.
    • Lexicomp: Comprehensive drug monographs with extensive clinical tools, includes pediatric/geriatric resources, focused on hospital clinical application; drug interactions & IV compatibility plus AHFS (American Hospital Formulary Service) content and laboratory test information. Extensive focus on clinical pharmacology & patient care. Can be overwhelming due to broad information and cost prohibitive for small practices.
    • Micromedex: Gold standard for toxicology, disease management, and drug information used extensively in hospitals for evidence-based clinical decisions; includes drug interactions/IV compatibility checkers, toxicology database (POISINDEX), Red Book for pricing, and CareNotes for patient education. Trusted for toxicology and acute care. Interface may seem outdated; more clinically dense than other databases.
    • NatMed: Specialist in natural medicines, supplements, and alternative therapies with efficacy ratings and safety profiles for herbal products. Detailed monographs on natural/alternative products, interaction checkers for herbal/prescription medications, and evidence-based efficacy ratings. Unmatched for alternative medicine and supplements, includes evidence-based ratings for therapy evaluation, but limited traditional pharmaceutical coverage.
    • Access Pharmacy: Designed for pharmacy education/reference focusing on pharmacy practice, therapeutics, and foundational sciences. Offers digital textbooks (e.g., Goodman & Gilman's, DiPiro's Pharmacotherapy), case studies, multimedia resources, drug information, and practice guidelines. Excellent for pharmacy students and offers detailed disease state management resources. Less focus on immediate drug lookup or clinical application.
    • DynaMedex: Evidence-based clinical decision support tool integrating disease info with treatment guidelines; disease-specific monographs, drug/diagnostic guidance, clinical calculators, and patient care recommendations; disease-focused with actionable treatment guidance and quick decision-making. Not as in-depth on specific drug interactions as other databases; requires institutional access.
    • UpToDate: Comprehensive evidence-based clinical decision support tool focusing on disease management and guidelines, clinical recommendations supported by references, patient education materials, and integrated drug monographs (via Lexicomp). Trusted for disease management and current guidelines, frequently updated with the latest research, but lacks depth in drug-specific details and has high subscription costs.

    Sterile Compounding

    Gowning & Hand Hygiene

    • Gowning process: Remove jewelry, don scrubs, shoe covers, hair covers, face masks, wash hands, don sterile gown, sterile gloves, and disinfect gloves.
    • Hand hygiene: Wash hands & forearms for 30 seconds with antimicrobial agent, use lint-free towels/air dryers, and regularly disinfect gloves.

    Hood Cleaning

    • Clean laminar airflow hoods from back-to-front and top-to-bottom using sterile, lint-free wipes soaked in 70% isopropyl alcohol.

    Risk Levels & Beyond-Use Dates (BUDs)

    • Low Risk (simple admixtures): Sterility testing not required unless extending BUD. - Room temperature: 48 hours - Refrigerated: 14 days - Frozen: 45 days

    • Medium Risk (multiple additives/manipulations): More stringent aseptic techniques. - Room temperature: 30 hours - Refrigerated: 9 days - Frozen: 45 days

    • High Risk (non-sterile ingredients): Sterilization after compounding. - Room temperature: 24 hours - Refrigerated: 3 days - Frozen: 45 days

    • Factors affecting BUD include risk level, storage conditions, and stability data. Always utilize the shorter date between BUD and manufacturer's expiration date.

    Medical Literature Hierarchy

    • Primary literature: Original research/clinical studies (e.g., randomized controlled trials) published in peer-reviewed journals like JAMA or The Lancet; high detail but time-consuming.
    • Secondary literature: Indexes/databases (e.g., PubMed, Cochrane Library) that synthesize primary literature; quicker access to indexed studies.
    • Tertiary literature: Summarized/interpreted information (e.g., textbooks, drug databases like Lexicomp). Easy to use but potentially outdated or influenced by author bias.

    Pharmacy Practitioners

    • Professional characteristics: systematic theory, authority, community sanction, ethical codes, and professional culture.

    • Licensure requirements: PharmD program accreditation, extensive training hours, NAPLEX, MPJE, and state requirements.

    • Residency vs. Fellowship: Residency focuses on clinical practice; fellowships focus on research.

    • Allied health professions: Physicians, nurses, PAs, social workers, dieticians/nutritionists, and physical therapists work together.

    • Multidisciplinary vs. Interdisciplinary: Multidisciplinary work independently; interdisciplinary collaborate for holistic patient outcomes.

    • Pharmaceutical care: Identify/resolve drug-related problems, preventing future issues. Challenges include resource limitations, knowledge gaps, and workflow issues. Solutions include training, team-based care, & communication tools.

    Pharmacist Patient Care Process (PPCP)

    • Five-step PPCP: Collect, assess, plan, implement, and follow-up patient data, identify drug-related problems, develop a plan, implement the plan, and track effectiveness to adjust treatment.
    • Patient-centered care: Shared decision-making; clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes.
    • Collaborative healthcare: PPCP integration with interdisciplinary teams, improved communication between providers.
    • Outcome measures: Clinical (e.g., blood pressure control), humanistic (e.g., quality of life), and economic (healthcare cost savings).
    • SOAP notes: Standardized documentation (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan). Clear, concise, and relevant documentation.

    Professionalism

    • Tenets of professionalism: Altruism, accountability, duty, excellence, respect for others, and professional development.
    • Ethics: Pharmacist oath, code of ethics.
    • E-professionalism: Maintain confidentiality and professionalism online.
    • Communication skills: Active listening, empathy, and patient education.

    Risk Management

    • Contributors to medication errors: incomplete patient information, outdated references, miscommunication, environmental factors (distractions, poor lighting).
    • Evaluating & managing errors: Root Cause Analysis (RCA) & Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) examine underlying causes and potential risks in processes to prevent issues, such as Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategies (REMS), high-risk medications (insulin, anticoagulants), and error reporting.

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    Description

    Explore the key differences between major clinical pharmacology databases including Clinical Pharmacology, Facts & Comparisons, and Lexicomp. This quiz covers aspects such as drug monographs, interaction checkers, and user interfaces. Test your knowledge on the strengths and limitations of each database.

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