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Questions and Answers
What is the length range of Enterobius vermicularis adults?
In the life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis, where do gravid females migrate to lay eggs?
Which nematode can have viable eggs found on bed linens, towels, and furniture due to their resistance to drying?
Which nematode is known as The Pinworm?
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In the life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis, what is the final host where the female adult worm resides?
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Which clinical manifestation is associated with Dracunculus medinensis infection?
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Which method is NOT commonly used for the diagnosis of hookworm infection?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of hookworm infections to humans?
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Which species of hookworm is also known as the 'Old World hookworm'?
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What is the common associated disease name for hookworm infection?
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Where is Ancylostoma duodenale primarily distributed?
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What is the key route for hookworm larvae to enter the human body?
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What is the primary method of transmission of Trichuris trichiura?
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Where in the body do Trichuris trichiura worms embed the anterior portion?
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What is the common name for Trichuris trichiura?
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Which preventive measure helps in preventing egg dispersal of Trichuris trichiura into the environment?
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How do infective eggs of Trichuris trichiura become capable of causing infection?
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What is the most common environment where Trichuris trichiura is found?
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Study Notes
Intestinal Nematodes
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Enterobius vermicularis (The Pinworm)
- Life Cycle:
- Eggs are ingested, hatch in intestine, larvae mature, adults live in the colon (2-13 mm)
- Gravid females migrate to the perianal area at night to lay eggs (up to 15,000 eggs)
- Eggs develop to the infective stage within 4-6 hours
- Eggs are resistant to drying, can survive for extended periods in cool, moist environments
- Diagnosis: direct fecal smear (DFS), Kato thick Smear, Kato-Katz techniques, concentration techniques (FECT)
- Treatment: albendazole and mebendazole
- Prevention and Control: avoidance of using human feces as fertilizer, exercising proper sanitation and personal hygiene practices
- Life Cycle:
Hookworms
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Necator americanus (New World hookworm) and Ancylostoma duodenale (Old World hookworm)
- Common associated disease and condition names: Hookworm infection, ancylostomiasis, necatoriasis
- Distribution: Necator americanus in North America and Africa, Ancylostoma duodenale in Europe and South America
- Transmission: Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH), Larval penetration of the skin
- Life Cycle:
- Humans contract hookworm when third-stage filariform larvae penetrate through the skin
- Larvae migrate to the lymphatics and blood system, then to the lungs, bronchioles, and ultimately the intestine
- Prevention and Control:
- Practicing proper personal hygiene, particularly hand washing
- Applying an ointment or salve to an infected perianal area to prevent egg dispersal
- Avoiding scratching the infected area
- Thorough cleaning of all potentially infected environmental surfaces, including linens
Trichuris trichiura (The Whipworm)
- Common name: Whipworm
- Common associated disease and condition names: Trichuriasis, whipworm infection
- Distribution: Third most common helminth, found primarily in warm climates, common among children and in the institutionalized mentally retarded
- Transmission: Soil transmitted helminth (STH)
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Life Cycle:
- Infective, fully embryonated eggs are ingested, larvae hatch in small intestine, penetrate and develop in the intestinal villi, return to lumen and migrate to the area of the cecum
- Larvae mature and live in the colon, embedding their anterior portion into the mucosa
- Eggs are released into the stool, and must undergo development in the soil for a period of time (approximately 10 days to 3 weeks) before they become infective
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Description
Test your knowledge on clinical pathology of nematodes including intestinal, blood-dwelling, and tissue-dwelling nematodes. Identify species such as Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, and more.
