Questions and Answers
What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?
Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs, while respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What is the difference between external and internal respiration?
External respiration takes place at the alveolar-capillary membrane, while internal respiration occurs at the cellular level.
List 2 methods for assessing the oxygenation status of clients at the bedside.
Respiration rate and observing the breathing patterns and effort.
What are 5 signs of inadequate oxygenation?
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What are 2 nursing interventions to improve ventilation and oxygenation?
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Identify 4 items that may be needed when providing oxygen therapy.
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What are 4 sources for supplemental oxygen?
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List 5 common oxygen delivery devices.
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Discuss two additional therapeutic techniques that relate to oxygenation.
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What is the measurement of oxygen saturation obtained by oximetry abbreviated as?
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What is the normal SpO2 level?
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Describe Fowler position.
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Describe orthopneic position.
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Define incentive spirometry.
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Define pursed-lip breathing.
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Define diaphragmatic breathing.
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What are the benefits of nasal strips?
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What is oxygen therapy?
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What is liquid oxygen?
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Define oxygen concentration.
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What is a flowmeter?
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What is an oxygen analyzer?
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Study Notes
Ventilation vs. Respiration
- Ventilation refers to the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
- Respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level.
External vs. Internal Respiration
- External respiration occurs at the alveolar-capillary membrane in the lungs.
- Internal respiration takes place at the cellular level facilitated by hemoglobin.
Assessing Oxygenation Status
- Key bedside methods include monitoring respiration rate and observing breathing patterns.
- Important signs to watch include chest symmetry and auscultating lung sounds.
Signs of Inadequate Oxygenation
- Symptoms may include decreased energy, restlessness, rapid shallow breathing, and an increased heart rate.
- Additional signs encompass sitting up to breathe, nasal flaring, and the use of accessory muscles.
- Further indicators can be hypertension, sleeplessness, confusion, and cyanosis of skin, lips, and nail beds.
Nursing Interventions for Ventilation and Oxygenation
- Fowlers position: upright sitting position aiding in lung expansion.
- Orthopneic position: seated, leaning forward with arms supported to enhance breathing.
- Encourage methods such as deep breathing, pursed-lips breathing, and diaphragmatic breathing.
Equipment for Oxygen Therapy
- Essential items include a flow meter, oxygen analyzer, humidifier, and an oxygen source.
Sources of Supplemental Oxygen
- Supplemental oxygen can be obtained from wall outlets, portable tanks, liquid oxygen units, and oxygen concentrators.
Common Oxygen Delivery Devices
- The most common devices are nasal cannulas, masks, face tents, and tracheostomy collars or T-pieces.
Additional Therapeutic Techniques
- Water-seal chest tube drainage and hyperbaric oxygen chambers are part of advanced therapeutic techniques for oxygenation.
Oxygen Saturation Measurement
- Oxygen saturation measured by oximetry is abbreviated as SpO2.
- Normal SpO2 levels range from 95% to 100%.
Fowler and Orthopneic Positions
- Fowler position is characterized as upright sitting to facilitate easier breathing.
- Orthopneic position includes a seated posture with arms supported, leaning forward for optimal ventilation.
Techniques for Promoting Breathing
- Incentive spirometry: encourages deep breathing using a calibrated device for targeted lung volume.
- Pursed-lip breathing: controls ventilation by extending the expiration phase consciously.
- Diaphragmatic breathing: emphasizes using the diaphragm instead of upper chest muscles for better oxygenation.
Benefits of Nasal Strips
- Nasal strips help reduce airflow resistance by widening nasal passages for easier breathing.
- Useful for individuals with ineffective breathing and athletes needing increased oxygen during exercise; also aids in reducing snoring.
Understanding Oxygen Therapy
- Oxygen therapy is the administration of supplemental oxygen to prevent or relieve hypoxemia.
Liquid Oxygen
- Liquid oxygen devices convert liquid into gas using heated coils; these are ideal for home use and are portable.
- They provide oxygen for approximately 6-8 hours but can be more expensive and may face leakage in warm conditions.
Oxygen Concentrator
- Oxygen concentrators collect and concentrate oxygen from ambient air for client use.
Flowmeter and Oxygen Analyzer
- A flowmeter measures the flow of oxygen in liters per minute.
- An oxygen analyzer evaluates the percentage of delivered oxygen to ensure prescribed amounts are received.
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Description
This quiz covers critical concepts in Chapter 21 related to oxygenation. It focuses on the distinction between ventilation and respiration, as well as the differences between external and internal respiration. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of respiratory processes.
