Clinical Oxygenation Overview Chapter 21

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?

Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs, while respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is the difference between external and internal respiration?

External respiration takes place at the alveolar-capillary membrane, while internal respiration occurs at the cellular level.

List 2 methods for assessing the oxygenation status of clients at the bedside.

Respiration rate and observing the breathing patterns and effort.

What are 5 signs of inadequate oxygenation?

Decrease in energy, restlessness, rapid shallow breathing, rapid heart rate, and nasal flaring. Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 nursing interventions to improve ventilation and oxygenation?

Fowler's position and deep breathing exercises. Signup and view all the answers

Identify 4 items that may be needed when providing oxygen therapy.

Flow meter, oxygen analyzer, humidifier, oxygen source. Signup and view all the answers

What are 4 sources for supplemental oxygen?

Wall outlet, portable tanks, liquid oxygen unit, oxygen concentrator. Signup and view all the answers

List 5 common oxygen delivery devices.

Nasal cannula, masks, face tent, tracheostomy collar, or T-piece. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss two additional therapeutic techniques that relate to oxygenation.

Water-seal chest tube drainage and hyperbaric oxygen chambers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the measurement of oxygen saturation obtained by oximetry abbreviated as?

SpO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal SpO2 level?

95-100% Signup and view all the answers

Describe Fowler position.

An upright sitting position. Signup and view all the answers

Describe orthopneic position.

A seated position with the arms supported on pillows or chair armrests, leaning forward. Signup and view all the answers

Define incentive spirometry.

A technique for deep breathing using a calibrated device to encourage reaching a goal-directed volume of inspired air. Signup and view all the answers

Define pursed-lip breathing.

A form of controlled ventilation where the client consciously prolongs the expiration phase. Signup and view all the answers

Define diaphragmatic breathing.

Breathing that promotes the use of the diaphragm rather than the upper chest muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of nasal strips?

They reduce airflow resistance by widening the nasal passageways. Signup and view all the answers

What is oxygen therapy?

An intervention of administering more oxygen than is present in the atmosphere to prevent or relieve hypoxemia. Signup and view all the answers

What is liquid oxygen?

A device that converts liquid oxygen to gas for client use. Signup and view all the answers

Define oxygen concentration.

A machine that collects and concentrates oxygen from room air for client use. Signup and view all the answers

What is a flowmeter?

A device that measures the flow of oxygen in liters per minute. Signup and view all the answers

What is an oxygen analyzer?

A device that measures the percentage of delivered oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ventilation vs. Respiration

Ventilation refers to the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level.

External vs. Internal Respiration

External respiration occurs at the alveolar-capillary membrane in the lungs.
Internal respiration takes place at the cellular level facilitated by hemoglobin.

Assessing Oxygenation Status

Key bedside methods include monitoring respiration rate and observing breathing patterns.
Important signs to watch include chest symmetry and auscultating lung sounds.

Signs of Inadequate Oxygenation

Symptoms may include decreased energy, restlessness, rapid shallow breathing, and an increased heart rate.
Additional signs encompass sitting up to breathe, nasal flaring, and the use of accessory muscles.
Further indicators can be hypertension, sleeplessness, confusion, and cyanosis of skin, lips, and nail beds.

Nursing Interventions for Ventilation and Oxygenation

Fowlers position: upright sitting position aiding in lung expansion.
Orthopneic position: seated, leaning forward with arms supported to enhance breathing.
Encourage methods such as deep breathing, pursed-lips breathing, and diaphragmatic breathing.

Equipment for Oxygen Therapy

Essential items include a flow meter, oxygen analyzer, humidifier, and an oxygen source.

Sources of Supplemental Oxygen

Supplemental oxygen can be obtained from wall outlets, portable tanks, liquid oxygen units, and oxygen concentrators.

Common Oxygen Delivery Devices

The most common devices are nasal cannulas, masks, face tents, and tracheostomy collars or T-pieces.

Additional Therapeutic Techniques

Water-seal chest tube drainage and hyperbaric oxygen chambers are part of advanced therapeutic techniques for oxygenation.

Oxygen Saturation Measurement

Oxygen saturation measured by oximetry is abbreviated as SpO2.
Normal SpO2 levels range from 95% to 100%.

Fowler and Orthopneic Positions

Fowler position is characterized as upright sitting to facilitate easier breathing.
Orthopneic position includes a seated posture with arms supported, leaning forward for optimal ventilation.

Techniques for Promoting Breathing

Incentive spirometry: encourages deep breathing using a calibrated device for targeted lung volume.
Pursed-lip breathing: controls ventilation by extending the expiration phase consciously.
Diaphragmatic breathing: emphasizes using the diaphragm instead of upper chest muscles for better oxygenation.

Benefits of Nasal Strips

Nasal strips help reduce airflow resistance by widening nasal passages for easier breathing.
Useful for individuals with ineffective breathing and athletes needing increased oxygen during exercise; also aids in reducing snoring.

Understanding Oxygen Therapy

Oxygen therapy is the administration of supplemental oxygen to prevent or relieve hypoxemia.

Liquid Oxygen

Liquid oxygen devices convert liquid into gas using heated coils; these are ideal for home use and are portable.
They provide oxygen for approximately 6-8 hours but can be more expensive and may face leakage in warm conditions.

Oxygen Concentrator

Oxygen concentrators collect and concentrate oxygen from ambient air for client use.

Flowmeter and Oxygen Analyzer

A flowmeter measures the flow of oxygen in liters per minute.
An oxygen analyzer evaluates the percentage of delivered oxygen to ensure prescribed amounts are received.

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Description

This quiz covers critical concepts in Chapter 21 related to oxygenation. It focuses on the distinction between ventilation and respiration, as well as the differences between external and internal respiration. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of respiratory processes.