Clinical Manifestations in Veterinary Cardiology

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Questions and Answers

What are the two heart sounds that are typically heard in normal small animals?

S1 and S2 (correct)
S1 and S3
S3 and S4
S2 and S3

What is the cause of the S1 heart sound?

Rapid ventricular filling during diastole
Sound of atrial systole
Closure of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole
Closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves at the onset of ventricular systole (correct)

What is the cause of the S3 heart sound?

Rapid ventricular filling during diastole (correct)
Sound of atrial systole
Closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves at the onset of ventricular systole
Closure of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole

What is the cause of the S4 heart sound?

Sound of atrial systole (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cardiomyopathy?

The text does not mention any common cardiomyopathies (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial compensation mechanism that helps restore cardiac output to normal levels?

Increased preload (end-diastolic volume) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'snowball effect' that occurs as a result of the increased preload?

Left ventricle enlargement, leading to dilated cardiomyopathy (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate result of the progression of the disease without therapy?

Myocardial failure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the increased regurgitation through the faulty valve leads to increased pressure in the lungs?

Increased blood volume and pressure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the mitral valve insufficiency on the flow of blood to the left side of the heart?

Decreases flow to the left side of the heart (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity lining?

Ascites (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid accumulation in the chest cavity lining?

Pleural effusion (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which breed of dogs is most frequently affected by dilated cardiomyopathy?

Boxers and Doberman Pinschers (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial compensation mechanism in dilated cardiomyopathy?

Increased heart rate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dilated cardiomyopathy on the mitral valve?

It causes mitral valve insufficiency (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cardiovascular system is affected in the case of dilated cardiomyopathy?

The systemic circulation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of turbulent blood flow leading to a murmur?

Normal blood viscosity (C) Signup and view all the answers

In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the murmur is associated with:

Filling of non-compliant ventricles (A) Signup and view all the answers

If there is mitral insufficiency, what happens to cardiac output?

Cardiac output decreases (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the severity of cardiac disease and the severity of the murmur?

The severity of cardiac disease is sometimes linked to the severity of the murmur (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can alter stroke volume?

Both contractility and changes in blood volume (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pulmonary edema in tricuspid insufficiency?

Increased pressure in the pulmonary vessels (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the pathophysiology of tricuspid insufficiency and mitral valve disease?

Tricuspid insufficiency leads to abdominal ascites, while mitral valve disease leads to pleural effusions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary circulation in the context of tricuspid insufficiency?

The pulmonary circulation is responsible for the increased pressure and pulmonary edema. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of tricuspid insufficiency on exercise tolerance?

Exercise tolerance is decreased due to the pulmonary edema and respiratory distress. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the schematic drawing provided in the text?

To show the flow of blood through the body during normal cardiac function. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the S3 heart sound in small animals?

Related to ventricular filling during diastole (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which heart sound is most commonly heard at the end of ventricular systole?

S2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of veterinary cardiology, what does an S4 heart sound indicate?

Atrial systole (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which heart sound is typically related to the closure of the AV valves at the onset of ventricular systole?

S1 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the compensatory mechanism of the kidneys in response to the progression of the disease?

Retaining water and electrolytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the end result without therapy in the progression of the disease?

Congestive heart failure (B) Signup and view all the answers

In dilated cardiomyopathy, what happens to the Left Ventricle as a compensatory mechanism?

It dilates to hold more volume (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the increased preload due to increased blood volume impact cardiac output?

Increases it initially (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the eventual consequence of increased pressure in the lungs due to elevated blood volume and regurgitation?

Pulmonary edema (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity lining?

Ascites (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid accumulation in the chest cavity lining?

Pleural effusion (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which breed of dogs is most frequently affected by dilated cardiomyopathy?

Boxers and Doberman Pinschers (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial compensation mechanism in dilated cardiomyopathy?

Increased heart rate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the mitral valve insufficiency on the flow of blood to the left side of the heart?

Backflow of blood (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate result of the progression of dilated cardiomyopathy without therapy?

Heart failure (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cardiac murmurs is correct?

Murmurs are caused by turbulent blood flow, which can result from various abnormalities. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has mitral insufficiency, what is the initial compensatory mechanism to maintain cardiac output?

Increasing heart rate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the severity of cardiac disease and the severity of the murmur?

The severity of cardiac disease is not always linked to the severity of the murmur. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can alter stroke volume?

Contractility and changes in blood volume (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cardiac pathology, what is the responsibility of the heart and kidneys?

Controlling the volume of blood moving in circulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pulmonary edema in the context of tricuspid insufficiency?

Increased pressure in the pulmonary vessels due to congestion in the pulmonary circulation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity) in the context of tricuspid insufficiency?

Increased pressure in the systemic circulation causing leakage of fluid from the peritoneal lining (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which tricuspid insufficiency leads to increased pressure in the systemic circulation?

Regurgitation of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which increased pressure in the systemic circulation can lead to fluid accumulation in the pleural space (pleural effusion)?

Leakage of fluid from the pleural lining due to increased pressure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which tricuspid insufficiency can lead to reduced exercise tolerance?

Reduced cardiac output due to decreased filling of the left ventricle (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in the pathophysiology of tricuspid insufficiency compared to mitral valve disease?

Tricuspid insufficiency affects the right side of the heart, while mitral valve disease affects the left side (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

S1 heart sound

The closure of the atrioventricular valves at the onset of ventricular systole.

S2 heart sound

The closure of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole.