Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the normal Vertebral Heart Scale (VHS) value range for dogs?
What is the normal Vertebral Heart Scale (VHS) value range for dogs?
Which method is identified as superior for identifying left atrial enlargement in dogs with MMVD?
Which method is identified as superior for identifying left atrial enlargement in dogs with MMVD?
What is the normal range for the Vertebral Left Atrial Size (VLAS) in dogs?
What is the normal range for the Vertebral Left Atrial Size (VLAS) in dogs?
How wide should the cardiac silhouette be measured in lateral view in dogs?
How wide should the cardiac silhouette be measured in lateral view in dogs?
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Which of the following questions is NOT part of the basic evaluation for cardiac size interpretation?
Which of the following questions is NOT part of the basic evaluation for cardiac size interpretation?
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What is a common sign of left-sided congestive heart failure in cats?
What is a common sign of left-sided congestive heart failure in cats?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with right-sided congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT associated with right-sided congestive heart failure?
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Which acquired condition can lead to left-sided cardiomegaly?
Which acquired condition can lead to left-sided cardiomegaly?
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What is a common indicator of right-sided cardiomegaly?
What is a common indicator of right-sided cardiomegaly?
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Which of the following congenital conditions is linked to left-sided cardiomegaly?
Which of the following congenital conditions is linked to left-sided cardiomegaly?
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Which pattern describes the interstitial to alveolar edema seen in left-sided heart failure?
Which pattern describes the interstitial to alveolar edema seen in left-sided heart failure?
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Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for left-sided cardiomegaly?
Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for left-sided cardiomegaly?
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In cases of left-sided heart failure, what might contribute to pleural effusion?
In cases of left-sided heart failure, what might contribute to pleural effusion?
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What is the normal Vertebral Heart Score (VHS) range in cats?
What is the normal Vertebral Heart Score (VHS) range in cats?
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Which projection best visualizes the cranial lobar pulmonary vessels?
Which projection best visualizes the cranial lobar pulmonary vessels?
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In the lateral view of the clock face analogy, which chamber is located approximately at the 12:00-2:00 position?
In the lateral view of the clock face analogy, which chamber is located approximately at the 12:00-2:00 position?
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What shape is typically observed in a normal cat's heart on VD or DV projection?
What shape is typically observed in a normal cat's heart on VD or DV projection?
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What effect does aging have on cardiac measurement in cats?
What effect does aging have on cardiac measurement in cats?
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What does the position 1:00-2:00 indicate in the DV view of the clock face analogy?
What does the position 1:00-2:00 indicate in the DV view of the clock face analogy?
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In the lateral view, which chamber is located at the 5:00-9:00 position?
In the lateral view, which chamber is located at the 5:00-9:00 position?
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What condition is suggested by enlarged pulmonary veins in cats?
What condition is suggested by enlarged pulmonary veins in cats?
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How is the width of the heart measured in relation to the VHS?
How is the width of the heart measured in relation to the VHS?
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Which of the following chamber positions does NOT correspond to the lateral view of the clock face analogy?
Which of the following chamber positions does NOT correspond to the lateral view of the clock face analogy?
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What can cause enlarged pulmonary arteries in cats?
What can cause enlarged pulmonary arteries in cats?
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Where is the Left Ventricle positioned in the DV view according to the clock face analogy?
Where is the Left Ventricle positioned in the DV view according to the clock face analogy?
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In the lateral view, what is located between the positions of the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle?
In the lateral view, what is located between the positions of the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle?
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What is a major challenge in determining cardiac chamber enlargement in cats?
What is a major challenge in determining cardiac chamber enlargement in cats?
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Which structure is located at the 9:00-11:00 position in the DV view?
Which structure is located at the 9:00-11:00 position in the DV view?
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What does the AA position at 11:00-1:00 represent in the clock face analogy?
What does the AA position at 11:00-1:00 represent in the clock face analogy?
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What is the position of the left ventricle in the cardiovascular system viewed from the right lateral aspect?
What is the position of the left ventricle in the cardiovascular system viewed from the right lateral aspect?
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In a dorsoventral (DV) view of the cardiovascular system, which structure lies to the left of the midline?
In a dorsoventral (DV) view of the cardiovascular system, which structure lies to the left of the midline?
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What is the location of the right ventricle in the cardiovascular system when viewed from the right lateral side?
What is the location of the right ventricle in the cardiovascular system when viewed from the right lateral side?
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Which chamber of the heart is indicated to occupy the 12:00-2:00 position in the right lateral view?
Which chamber of the heart is indicated to occupy the 12:00-2:00 position in the right lateral view?
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What position corresponds to the left atrium when looking at the cardiovascular system in the DV view?
What position corresponds to the left atrium when looking at the cardiovascular system in the DV view?
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Which structure is primarily observed at the apex of the heart in the right lateral view?
Which structure is primarily observed at the apex of the heart in the right lateral view?
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In the right lateral view, which chamber has the time frame of 2:00-5:00?
In the right lateral view, which chamber has the time frame of 2:00-5:00?
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Which of the following views shows the left atrium in the 12:00-2:00 position?
Which of the following views shows the left atrium in the 12:00-2:00 position?
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What is a common radiographic finding associated with left-sided heart failure in adult small breed dogs?
What is a common radiographic finding associated with left-sided heart failure in adult small breed dogs?
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Which condition is characterized by dilated and tortuous pulmonary arteries with potential mineralizations?
Which condition is characterized by dilated and tortuous pulmonary arteries with potential mineralizations?
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What is a classic radiographic finding indicative of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
What is a classic radiographic finding indicative of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
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What is a common consequence of congenital cardiac shunting defects?
What is a common consequence of congenital cardiac shunting defects?
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Which of the following is a radiographic finding in a cat with ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
Which of the following is a radiographic finding in a cat with ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
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What is the focus of treatment for pulmonic stenosis?
What is the focus of treatment for pulmonic stenosis?
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Which cardiac condition can lead to a 'boot-shaped heart' appearance on radiographs?
Which cardiac condition can lead to a 'boot-shaped heart' appearance on radiographs?
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What can result from left-sided cardiomegaly associated with left-to-right PDA?
What can result from left-sided cardiomegaly associated with left-to-right PDA?
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Which condition does NOT result in left-sided cardiomegaly?
Which condition does NOT result in left-sided cardiomegaly?
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What could indicate congestive heart failure in young patients with congenital defects?
What could indicate congestive heart failure in young patients with congenital defects?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Radiography
- This presentation covers cardiovascular radiography in veterinary medicine, focusing on identifying normal and abnormal features in thoracic radiographs of dogs and cats.
- The presenter, Robson F. Giglio DVM, MSc, PhD, DACVR, is an Assistant Professor in Diagnostic Imaging at the University of Georgia's College of Veterinary Medicine.
- Key goals include defining the cardiac silhouette, identifying the location of cardiac chambers and pulmonary vessels, and recognizing normal and abnormal heart sizes and chamber enlargements.
- The presentation also includes common acquired and congenital cardiovascular diseases.
- A review of normal radiographic anatomy, including the cardiac silhouette (heart + pericardial sac) and border effacement (inability to differentiate heart from pericardium on radiographs) is included, with breed-specific variations acknowledged.
- A clock face analogy is used to describe the location of different heart chambers and large vessels on radiographs.
- This method assists in identifying the cardiac silhouette and chambers on radiographs.
- Evaluation techniques and methods like the Vertebral Heart Scale (VHS), Vertebral Left Atrial Size (VLAS) and Modified Vertebral Left Atrial Size (M-VLAS) are discussed for proper assessment of cardiac size.
- Important considerations for evaluating feline cardiac radiographs include the potential for pericardial fat to mimic cardiomegaly and the variations in cardiac tilt with age.
- The "lazy heart" and aortic knob are specific features to be aware of when evaluating feline patients.
- Specific anatomical features in cats, such as atrial location differences, are covered.
- Interpretation of pulmonary vessels (arteries and veins) and related measurements are detailed.
- Various conditions causing enlarged pulmonary vessels (e.g., left-sided heart failure) or enlarged pulmonary veins (also left-sided heart failure) are addressed.
- Cardiomegaly and its clinical radiographic presentation, including differentiated left-sided and right-sided enlargement are covered.
- Radiographic signs for various cardiac conditions, such as left atrial enlargement, left ventricular enlargement, and right-sided cardiomegaly are highlighted.
- Congestive heart failure (CHF) displays in lateral and VD radiographs, categorized according to side (left or right).
- Different types of cardiomegaly and their differentiating characteristics are included.
- A variety of congenital and acquired cardiac diseases in dogs and cats are presented. This includes mitral valve degeneration, cardiomyopathies (dilated and hypertrophic), heartworm disease, and congenital defects (PDA, VSD, PS, and Subaortic Stenosis) and related treatments.
- Tables summarizing conditions presenting with CHF are included.
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Description
Test your knowledge on canine cardiac evaluation and related conditions with this quiz. Explore topics such as Vertebral Heart Scale (VHS), left atrial enlargement, and signs of heart failure in pets. Perfect for veterinary students and professionals alike!
