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Questions and Answers
What is the function of a clinical laboratory?
What is the function of a clinical laboratory?
To provide accurate and reliable information to physicians for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and management of diseases.
Which of the following is NOT a type of clinical laboratory based on ownership?
Which of the following is NOT a type of clinical laboratory based on ownership?
A freestanding laboratory operates within the premises of another institution.
A freestanding laboratory operates within the premises of another institution.
False
What is the primary service capability space requirement for a tertiary laboratory?
What is the primary service capability space requirement for a tertiary laboratory?
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Name one example of a National Reference Laboratory in the Philippines.
Name one example of a National Reference Laboratory in the Philippines.
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Which branch of microbiology studies fungi?
Which branch of microbiology studies fungi?
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John Needham believed that there must be a 'life force' that causes inanimate matter to spontaneously come to life.
John Needham believed that there must be a 'life force' that causes inanimate matter to spontaneously come to life.
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A clinical laboratory involved in the study of microbial pathogens threatening human health is called ______.
A clinical laboratory involved in the study of microbial pathogens threatening human health is called ______.
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What is the role of the clinical laboratory in disease management?
What is the role of the clinical laboratory in disease management?
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Differentiate between government and private clinical laboratories.
Differentiate between government and private clinical laboratories.
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What are the two main types of pathology found in clinical laboratories?
What are the two main types of pathology found in clinical laboratories?
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How does an institution-based laboratory differ from a freestanding laboratory?
How does an institution-based laboratory differ from a freestanding laboratory?
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What is the minimum service capability space requirement for a primary clinical laboratory?
What is the minimum service capability space requirement for a primary clinical laboratory?
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What significant contribution did Anton van Leeuwenhoek make to microbiology?
What significant contribution did Anton van Leeuwenhoek make to microbiology?
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How did Francesco Redi challenge the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
How did Francesco Redi challenge the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
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What principle did Louis Pasteur develop that is still utilized in food safety today?
What principle did Louis Pasteur develop that is still utilized in food safety today?
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What bacterium is responsible for anthrax and was identified among other common bacterial pathogens?
What bacterium is responsible for anthrax and was identified among other common bacterial pathogens?
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Which scientist is known for creating the Gram staining technique?
Which scientist is known for creating the Gram staining technique?
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What type of laboratory specializes in confirmatory testing and training?
What type of laboratory specializes in confirmatory testing and training?
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What laboratory service focuses on the examination and identification of microbial pathogens?
What laboratory service focuses on the examination and identification of microbial pathogens?
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What is the minimum space requirement for a tertiary clinical laboratory?
What is the minimum space requirement for a tertiary clinical laboratory?
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Which branch of microbiology is concerned with the study of bacteria?
Which branch of microbiology is concerned with the study of bacteria?
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What is the primary function of a mobile clinical laboratory?
What is the primary function of a mobile clinical laboratory?
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Name two functions of a National Reference Laboratory.
Name two functions of a National Reference Laboratory.
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What type of laboratory serves specific population health needs, like clinics and dialysis centers?
What type of laboratory serves specific population health needs, like clinics and dialysis centers?
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Identify one branch of microbiology that studies viruses.
Identify one branch of microbiology that studies viruses.
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What does a satellite testing site do?
What does a satellite testing site do?
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Who proposed that diseases are caused by minute bodies transferred by contact, carriers, or air?
Who proposed that diseases are caused by minute bodies transferred by contact, carriers, or air?
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What type of bacteria require oxygen for their growth?
What type of bacteria require oxygen for their growth?
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What is the temperature range for mesophilic bacteria, and why are they significant?
What is the temperature range for mesophilic bacteria, and why are they significant?
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Define capnophiles and their atmospheric carbon dioxide requirement.
Define capnophiles and their atmospheric carbon dioxide requirement.
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What pH range do neutrophiles thrive in, and provide an example of such an organism?
What pH range do neutrophiles thrive in, and provide an example of such an organism?
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What is the significance of autotrophic bacteria in terms of energy production?
What is the significance of autotrophic bacteria in terms of energy production?
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What is the primary purpose of a differential stain in microbiology?
What is the primary purpose of a differential stain in microbiology?
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Describe the disk diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Describe the disk diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
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What are the two types of antibiotic mechanisms of action mentioned?
What are the two types of antibiotic mechanisms of action mentioned?
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What is the significance of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in broth dilution susceptibility tests?
What is the significance of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in broth dilution susceptibility tests?
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How does acid-fast staining differ from other differential stains?
How does acid-fast staining differ from other differential stains?
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Study Notes
Clinical Laboratory Overview
- A critical component of health institutions, providing essential information for disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and management.
- Engages in research, community outreach, infection control, and dissemination of information related to diagnostics.
Structure and Regulation
- Composed of specialized sections where diagnostic procedures are performed by qualified health professionals.
- Regulated by the Bureau of Health Facilities and Services under the Department of Health (DOH) to ensure quality standards.
Types of Clinical Laboratories
Based on Ownership
- Government: Operated by government units.
- Private: Established by individuals, corporations, associations, or organizations.
Based on Function
- Clinical Pathology: Includes Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, Immunohematology, etc.
- Anatomic Pathology: Encompasses Surgical Pathology, Immunohistopathology, Cytology, Autopsy, Forensic Pathology, and Molecular Pathology.
Based on Institutional Character
- Institution-based: Operates within a healthcare institution.
- Freestanding: Independent laboratories not associated with other institutions.
Based on Service Capability
- Primary Laboratory: Minimum size of 10 sq.m., conducts routine tests like Hematology and Urinalysis.
- Secondary Laboratory: Minimum size of 20 sq.m., additionally conducts Quantitative Platelet and Chemistry tests.
- Tertiary Laboratory: Minimum size of 60 sq.m., performs all secondary tests plus specialized Chemistry and Microbiology.
- Limited Service Facilities: Operate in spaces not designated as clinical laboratories, e.g., dialysis centers and hygiene clinics.
Special Clinical Laboratories
- Provide services not offered by general clinical labs, focusing on highly specialized tests.
National Reference Laboratory (NRL)
- Government-designated laboratories responsible for confirmatory testing, training, research, and quality assessment.
- Major NRLs in the Philippines include:
- National Kidney and Transplant Institute: Focus on Hematology and Immunohematology.
- East Avenue Medical Center: Specializes in Toxicology.
- Lung Center of the Philippines: Conducts Clinical Chemistry.
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine: Handles a range of infectious diseases such as Tuberculosis and Influenza.
- San Lazaro Hospital: Focuses on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections.
Satellite Testing Site
- Operates under a licensed laboratory but outside its physical location, conducting specified lab examinations.
Mobile Clinical Laboratory
- A laboratory unit that relocates between testing sites, must have a base laboratory, collect samples, and operate within a 100-km radius.
Microbiology
- The study of microorganisms not visible to the naked eye, crucial for understanding health threats.
- Clinical Microbiology: Focuses on pathogens affecting health.
- Diagnostic Microbiology: Identifies organisms through lab tests.
- Food Microbiology: Utilizes beneficial microorganisms in food processing.
Branches of Microbiology
- Protozoology: Study of protozoans.
- Mycology: Study of fungi.
- Bacteriology: Study of bacteria.
- Rickettsiology: Study of rickettsiae.
- Virology: Study of viruses.
Pioneers in Microbiology
- Girolamo Fracastoro: Proposed that diseases arise from tiny organisms transmitted through contact, carriers, or the air.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Known as the Father of Bacteriology; discovered 'animalcules' using a single lens microscope.
- Francesco Redi: Challenged Spontaneous Generation theory through his meat experiments.
- John Needham: Suggested a “life force” for inanimate matter to come to life spontaneously.
- Lazzaro Spallanzani: Suggested that microbial growth could indicate air contamination as a source.
Clinical Laboratory Overview
- Essential part of health institutions providing accurate information for diagnosis, prognosis, and disease management.
- Engages in research, community outreach, infection control, and evaluation of diagnostic procedures.
Laboratory Types by Ownership
- Government: Operated by government units.
- Private: Owned by individuals or organizations.
Laboratory Functions
- Clinical Pathology: Includes Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, and Immunohematology.
- Anatomic Pathology: Covers Surgical Pathology, Cytology, and Forensic Pathology.
Laboratory Types by Institutional Character
- Institution-based: Operates within a health institution.
- Freestanding: Independent from other institutions.
Laboratory Service Capability
- Primary (10 sq.m.): Basic tests like hematology, urinalysis.
- Secondary (20 sq.m.): Includes routine chemistry and cross-matching.
- Tertiary (60 sq.m.): Offers specialized tests, including microbiology and immunology.
- Limited Service: Found in dialysis centers and social hygiene clinics.
Special Clinical Laboratories
- Provide advanced lab services beyond general laboratories.
National Reference Laboratory Functions
- Conducts confirmatory testing, surveillance, training, and external quality assessments.
National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) in the Philippines
- National Kidney and Transplant Institute: Specializes in Hematology and Immunopathology.
- East Avenue Medical Center: Focuses on Toxicology.
- Lung Center of the Philippines: Specializes in Clinical Chemistry.
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine: Handles infectious diseases and surveillance.
- San Lazaro Hospital: Focuses on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections.
Satellite Testing Site
- Performs lab exams under the control of a licensed laboratory outside its physical space.
Mobile Clinical Laboratory
- A movable unit for testing that operates within a 100-km radius of a base laboratory.
Microbiology Overview
- Clinical Microbiology: Focuses on health-threatening microbial pathogens.
- Food Microbiology: Concerned with beneficial microorganisms in food processing.
Branches of Microbiology
- Protozoology: Study of protozoans.
- Mycology: Study of fungi.
- Bacteriology: Study of bacteria.
- Rickettsiology: Study of rickettsiae.
- Virology: Study of viruses.
Pioneers in Microbiology
- Girolamo Fracastoro: Proposed disease transmission by small bodies.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Developed the microscope, founding bacteriology and protozoology.
- Louis Pasteur: Introduced principles of vaccination and pasteurization.
- Robert Koch: Established etiology theories for infectious diseases.
Common Bacterial Pathogens
- Bacillus anthracis: Causes Anthrax.
- Escherichia coli: Linked to urinary tract infections.
- Staphylococcus aureus: Causes pyogenic infections.
Bacterial Metabolism and Growth
- Aerobes: Require oxygen; types include obligate, facultative, and microaerophilic.
- Anaerobes: Thrive in low-oxygen conditions.
- Nutrients: Autotrophs synthesize organic molecules; heterotrophs rely on other organisms for food.
- Temperature Requirements: Psychrophiles (0-15°C), mesophiles (20-45°C), thermophiles (50-60°C).
Bacterial Growth Curve
- Visual representation of bacterial growth phases.
Bacterial Staining Techniques
- Simple Stain: Examines size and shape.
- Differential Stain: Distinguishes bacterial groups, e.g., Gram staining.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
- Determines effective antibiotics against bacterial infections.
- Disk diffusion: Assesses growth inhibition around antibiotic disks.
- Broth dilution: Establishes minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations.
Antibiotics Types and Action Mechanisms
- Bacteriostatic: Inhibit growth without killing.
- Bactericidal: Actively kill bacteria.
- Mechanisms include cell wall synthesis inhibition and membrane destruction.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of the clinical laboratory's role in healthcare. It covers essential functions such as diagnostics, research, infection control, and community outreach. Gain insights into how clinical laboratories contribute to patient care and medical research.
