Clinical Chemistry Lecture 3rd Year MED221

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a clinical chemistry laboratory?

To perform analytic procedures that aid in diagnosis and treatment (correct)

To manufacture pharmaceutical products

To provide housing and care for laboratory specimens

To conduct surgical procedures on patients

Which of the following best describes an 'analyte'?

A type of disease treated by clinical chemistry

A panel of tests evaluating multiple conditions

A substance to be measured (correct)

A method of analysis used in laboratory procedures

Which historical figure is credited with the first quantitative test for urine sugar?

T.W. Richards

Jules Duboscq

Max Jaffe

Herman Fehling (correct)

What method did Max Jaffe develop for determining creatinine levels?

Alkaline picrate method Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the use of chemistry profiles or panels in clinical chemistry?

They are groups of tests used to assess an organ or body system. Signup and view all the answers

What did Otto Folin develop related to urine analytes?

Test for ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Which reagent was developed by Antoine de Fourcroy?

Folin Ciocalteu reagent Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary contribution of Kay in the field of clinical chemistry?

First test for alkaline phosphatase Signup and view all the answers

Which method was introduced in 1960 regarding gamma glutamyl transferase?

First laboratory method Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes was first associated with liver disease by Kay?

Alanine amino transferase (ALT) Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the first assay for acid phosphatase?

Gutman Signup and view all the answers

What innovation did Feichtmeier contribute to clinical chemistry?

Invention of the mechanical pipettor Signup and view all the answers

What significant advancement in colorimetry did Otto Folin introduce in 1929?

Use of light filters Signup and view all the answers

Arne Tiselius is known for which contribution to clinical chemistry?

Moving boundary electrophoresis of proteins Signup and view all the answers

What method was developed by Conway and Cook in 1939?

Method for serum ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Clinical Chemistry Overview

Primary aim: Perform analytic procedures for accurate patient diagnosis and treatment.
Focuses on biochemical processes and analysis of body fluid constituents.

Key Historical Figures and Contributions

PPOSPER SYLVAIN DENIS (1841): First elemental chemical analysis of proteins; separated blood proteins into albumins and globulins.
HERMAN FEHLING (1848): First quantitative test for urine sugar.
JULES DUBOSCQ (1854): Developed the first visual colorimeter based on Beer's Law.
MAX JAFFE (1886): Created the alkaline picrate method for creatinine determination.
OTTO FOLIN (1907): Developed tests for urine analytes and established reference values for blood components.
ANTOINE DE FOURCROY (1789): Discovered cholesterol; regarded as the Father of Clinical Chemistry.
ARNE TISELIUS (1926): Innovated electrophoresis of proteins.
WROBLEWSKI and LA DUE (1955): Developed laboratory method for serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

Clinical Chemistry Methods and Technologies

Chemistry profiles and panels assess specific organs, body systems, or overall patient health.
Analytes: Substances measured, e.g., kidney profile includes non-protein nitrogens (NPNs).
Reagents used in diagnostic tests are typically liquid, lyophilized, or frozen.

Key Developments in Clinical Chemistry

1920: First lab method for measuring serum phosphorus.
1921: First lab method for serum magnesium.
1940: Transition from visual to photoelectric colorimeters.
1948: Establishment of the American Association of Clinical Chemistry (AACC).
1950: Adaptation of Shewhart Quality Control chart by LEVEY and JENNINGS.

Important Methods in Clinical Chemistry

Kay (1930): Developed first test for Alkaline Phosphatase, aiding in clinical enzymology.
Cherry and Crandall (1932): Developed first test for serum lipase.
Somogyi (1938): Innovated tests for serum and urine amylase.
Conway and Cook (1939): Introduced first lab method for blood ammonia.

Technological Innovations

Photoelectric colorimeters improved accuracy in colorimetric assays.
Mechanical pipettor invented by Feichtmeier for enhanced lab efficiency.
Development of automated analysis methods in the 1970s increased throughput in clinical labs.

Summary of Clinical Chemistry's Impact

Clinical chemistry has evolved through significant historical contributions, establishing key methodologies for diagnosing diseases based on biochemical analysis.
Continual advancements in technology and analytical techniques have improved patient care and diagnostic accuracy.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts introduced in the Clinical Chemistry section of the laboratory. Focus will be on elemental chemical analysis of proteins and the historical context provided by PPOSPER SYLVAIN DENIS, who explored blood protein separation. Test your understanding of key principles and practices in clinical chemistry.