Clinical Chemistry I Week 1 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Laboratory Medicine?

Providing immediate patient care

Performing surgical procedures

Selection, provision, and interpretation of diagnostic tests (correct)

Conducting physical examinations

Which of the following is NOT a reason for performing a laboratory test?

Excluding a diagnosis

Screening for symptoms (correct)

Monitoring treatment

Confirming a clinical suspicion

Which organization is associated with Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine?

National Institutes of Health

World Health Organization

International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (correct)

American Medical Association

Why is maintaining confidentiality important in the laboratory?

To comply with legal mandates Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about laboratory testing today is false?

Laboratory tests are not essential for a prognosis. Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory field focuses on the study of blood components and coagulation?

Hematology and Coagulation Signup and view all the answers

What does a reference lab primarily provide?

Infrequently ordered specialized tests Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the laboratory testing process involves verifying and reporting specimen test results?

Post-Analytic Phase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common field of clinical laboratory testing?

Astronomy Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of evidence-based medicine (EBM)?

Integrating clinical expertise with research evidence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions occurs during the Pre-Analytic Phase?

Collecting a sample from the right patient Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of errors in laboratory testing typically occur during the Pre-Analytic Phase?

35% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of laboratory test is likely performed by a Microbiology department?

Pathogen identification Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Evidence Based Medicine?

To integrate the best current evidence into clinical practice Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT a part of Evidence Based Medicine according to the content?

Historical beliefs and traditions Signup and view all the answers

When practicing Evidence Based Medicine, which of the following is the first step?

Creating a clinical question Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes evidence from propaganda in the context of Evidence Based Medicine?

Evidence is based on data and rational analyses Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential skill mentioned for improving the practice of Evidence Based Medicine?

Asking effective clinical questions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a challenge in evidence based practice?

Keeping past knowledge up to date Signup and view all the answers

What approach is emphasized in Evidence Based Medicine for patient care?

Comprehensive informed consent based on the best available evidence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is critical for ensuring effective evidence based practice?

Actively searching for clinical trials and systematic reviews Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course title: Clinical Chemistry I
Course code: 0202304
Instructor: Mohammad Qabajah
Email: [email protected]

Week 1: Introduction - EBM

Objectives:
- Explain reasons for laboratory tests
- Describe laboratory medicine
- Describe sub-disciplines, information handling, and ethical issues
- State importance of confidentiality in the lab
- Justify evidence-based laboratory medicine practices

Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Medicine

Includes: Research, Administration, Teaching activities, Clinical services
Laboratory testing may be used to: Confirm clinical suspicion, Exclude a diagnosis, Assist in treatment selection, optimization, and monitoring, Provide a prognosis, Screen for disease in absence of symptoms, Monitor severity of physiological disturbance

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Boundaries are becoming more blurred due to increasing molecular testing
International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) is the current name

Laboratory Medicine

Today's clinical labs are complex, offering diverse tests that constantly expand.
Hundreds of millions of tests are performed annually.
Over 70% of objective data in patient records comes from the clinical lab.
Specific types vary greatly between institutions.

Clinical Laboratory Fields

Chemistry/Immunoassay
Hematology and Coagulation
Blood Bank/Apheresis
Endocrinology
Immunoserology
Microbiology (including Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology)
Urinalysis, Fluid Analysis, and Medical Microscopy
Molecular Pathology
Cytogenetics
Tissue Typing/HLA
Toxicology

Reference Lab

Some labs use reference labs (often called "send-out labs").
Reference labs provide specialized testing services for patients and healthcare providers.
Specialized tests for infrequent orders and specialized equipment.

Laboratory Testing Process Overview

The process flows from pre-analytic (ordering, sample collection) to analytic phase (testing) and post-analytic phase (results interpretation/action).

Laboratory Department

Breakdown of the lab work by phase
- Pre-Analytical Phase (laboratory): 35%
- Analytical Phase (laboratory): 25%
- Post-Analytical Phase (laboratory): 15%
- Sending: 5%

Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)

EBM is a new approach for clinical care and research.
Physicians' responsibility to find the best current information and use it for patient benefit.

Basis of Medical Practice (Check all that apply)

Training, clinical experience, and consultation with other professionals
Convincing evidence (non-experimental): articles, case reports, product literature
Patient preferences
Active search of randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis reports
Note - this also means EBM is in practice

Purpose of Evidence Based Medicine

Skill development in:
- Distinguishing evidence from propaganda
- Differentiating probability from certainty
- Identifying data from assertions
- Recognizing rational beliefs from superstitions
- Separating science from folklore
- Differentiating theory from dogma

Evidence Based Medicine Principles

Change in how physicians practice, teach, and handle research
- Clinical practice: based on best current evidence
- Patient care: compassionate and patient-oriented
- Learning & Teaching/Research: Problem solving

Three Major Components of EBM

Patient
Physician
Information (Question/Problem)

Basic Steps of EBM – 5A's

Ask (the question)
Acquire (the evidence)
Appraise (the evidence)
Apply (the evidence to the patient)
Assess (the effect of the applied evidence)

The Clinical Question

The first and most important step of EBM is to ask a clear clinical question.
Asking the Clinical Question is often the hardest step

Asking Good Questions

Skill to be learned
Make the case easier for the user and other parties
Important questions include: Exactly how much time did you spend on that project?
Hmmm... Is he about to give me a BONUS? Or is he about to FIRE me?

EBM, A Good Question Must Be:

Specific: Identifies the problem and clarifies the clinical issue
Answerable: Through literature
Contains multiple aspects: Patient, options, comparisons, etc.

EBM Question: Multiple factors

P: Patient (Type of patient or population)
E: Exposure (Environmental, personal, biological)
I: Intervention (Clinical intervention)
C: Comparison (Compare alternative treatments)
O: Outcome (Clinical outcome of interest)

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Description

This quiz covers the introductory concepts of Clinical Chemistry I, focusing on evidence-based laboratory medicine, the importance of laboratory tests, and the various roles within clinical laboratory medicine. Test your understanding of ethical issues, confidentiality, and the significance of laboratory practices.