Clinical Chemistry I Week 02 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a key factor that should be controlled to avoid preanalytical errors?

  • Temperature of the testing environment
  • Type of specimen container
  • Patient hydration levels
  • Timing of specimen collection (correct)

Which substance is specifically used to prevent blood from clotting during specimen collection?

  • Additive
  • Anticoagulant (correct)
  • Preservative
  • Serum

Which collection technique involves making a thin cut in the skin typically at the heel?

  • Phlebotomy
  • Skin puncture (correct)
  • Capillary sampling
  • Venipuncture

What is the definition of hemolysis in the context of blood specimen collection?

<p>The disruption of red cell membranes leading to the release of hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of container is used specifically for the disposal of sharp objects in a clinical setting?

<p>Sharps container (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the variation that occurs in the level of a substance in the body over a 24-hour period?

<p>Diurnal variation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a preservative in a biological specimen?

<p>To prevent changes in the specimen's constituents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is chorionic villus sampling primarily utilized?

<p>To detect prenatal genetic conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of applying a tourniquet during venipuncture?

<p>To obstruct the return of venous blood temporarily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specimen type is most commonly collected via arterial puncture?

<p>Arterial blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following errors are referred to as pre-analytical errors?

<p>Issues arising from specimen collection and processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When performing a skin puncture, what is a common site for infants?

<p>Heel or big toe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additives might be found in collecting tubes for blood specimens?

<p>Anticoagulants and preservatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Venous blood specimens are preferred for which of the following reasons?

<p>Less risk of complications compared to skin puncture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant caution regarding the application of a tourniquet?

<p>Prolonged pressure can alter chemical composition in the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason for performing a capillary blood draw in young children?

<p>To minimize the risk of severe vein damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using venous blood specimens in most analyte tests?

<p>They have a more stable composition than arterial blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is typically included in the evacuated tube system for blood collection?

<p>Additives for preservation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long should a tourniquet ideally be applied during venipuncture to avoid chemical changes in the specimen?

<p>About 1 minute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk associated with repeated venipunctures especially in pediatric patients?

<p>Potential for severe vein damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood collection method is primarily utilized for gas analysis?

<p>Arterial puncture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during venous occlusion in the context of phlebotomy?

<p>Temporary blockage of venous blood return (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specimen type is NOT typically collected using a capillary blood draw?

<p>Arterial blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation should skin punctures be preferred for blood collection?

<p>For pediatric applications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a tourniquet have on venous blood during specimen collection?

<p>It can cause changes in the blood's chemical composition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of body fluids is least likely to be collected for laboratory analysis?

<p>Sputum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of anticoagulants in blood specimen collection?

<p>To prevent the specimen from clotting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is essential for proper patient preparation before specimen collection?

<p>Ensuring the patient is fasting if required (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication that can occur during specimen collection if not handled correctly?

<p>Hemolysis of the sample (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor could lead to preanalytical errors in specimen testing?

<p>Incorrect timing of specimen collection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is chorionic villus sampling conducted?

<p>To detect genetic disorders at an early stage of pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the order of draw in blood specimen collection?

<p>To prevent contamination of samples (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be an effect of diurnal variation in biological specimens?

<p>Fluctuations in substance levels impacting diagnostic accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to properly label specimen containers?

<p>To ensure traceability and accurate patient identification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary advantage of using skin puncture technique in collecting blood from infants?

<p>Reduces the amount of blood required for testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a sharps container during specimen collection?

<p>To ensure safe disposal of sharp instruments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anticoagulant

A substance that prevents blood from clotting.

Preanalytical errors

Factors affecting specimens before testing, potentially causing errors if not controlled.

Phlebotomy

Puncture of a blood vessel to collect blood.

Specimen Handling

Proper care of collected specimens to prevent contamination and maintain specimen integrity.

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Additives (in specimens)

Substances added to specimens to prevent clotting or preserve components.

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Hemolysis

Disruption of red blood cell membranes, releasing hemoglobin.

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Skin Puncture

Collecting capillary blood from a small cut in the skin, usually a child's heel.

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Diurnal Variation

Changes in substance amounts over a 24-hour period.

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Specimen

A sample of body fluid or tissue collected for analysis.

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Venipuncture

The process of obtaining blood from a vein.

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Venous Occlusion

Temporary blockage of blood flow in a vein, usually by a tourniquet.

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Whole blood

Blood in its natural form, with all its components.

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Blood Gas Analysis

A test to measure gases in blood, important for certain conditions.

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Arterial Puncture

Collecting blood from an artery, usually for blood gas analysis.

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Capillary Blood

Blood collected from capillaries in the skin.

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What are preanalytical errors?

Errors occurring before testing, during specimen collection, identification, processing, storage, or transport.

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What's the purpose of a tourniquet in venipuncture?

To temporarily block venous blood flow back to the heart, making the vein more visible and easier to puncture.

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Why should the tourniquet not be left on for long?

Prolonged tourniquet use alters blood composition, potentially affecting test results.

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What are the main types of blood specimens?

Whole blood, serum, plasma.

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What's an evacuated tube system?

A system using tubes with vacuums to draw blood directly into the tubes, providing proper specimen volume and additives.

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Why is a butterfly infusion set used sometimes?

It's designed for smaller veins, providing a gentler way to collect blood, especially for people with difficult veins.

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What's the difference between venipuncture and arterial puncture?

Venipuncture is for blood from veins, usually for general tests. Arterial puncture is for blood gas analysis.

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What type of specimen is collected by a skin puncture?

Capillary blood.

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When is a skin puncture more suitable?

For young children, point-of-care testing, and when repeated venipunctures are risky.

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What are some common sites for arterial puncture?

Radial artery at the wrist, brachial artery in the elbow, femoral artery in the groin.

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Coagulation Cascade

A series of steps involving blood clotting factors that work together to form a fibrin clot, stopping bleeding.

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Preservative

A substance added to a specimen to prevent changes in its components, ensuring accurate test results.

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Plasma vs. Serum

Plasma is the liquid part of blood with clotting factors, while serum is the liquid part after clotting, lacking clotting factors.

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Chorionic Villus Sampling

A prenatal test where tissue from the chorionic villi is taken to check for birth defects early in pregnancy.

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Order of Draw

The specific sequence for collecting multiple blood tubes to ensure accurate test results and minimize contamination.

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Why is specimen handling important?

Proper specimen handling is crucial to maintain its integrity, preventing contamination and ensuring accurate test results.

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What is a 'Sharps' container?

A specialized container for safely disposing of sharp medical objects like needles, preventing accidental injuries.

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What's a skin puncture?

A small cut made in the skin, usually on a child's heel, to collect capillary blood.

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Preanalytical Errors: Controllable vs. Uncontrollable

Factors affecting specimens before testing, classified as controllable (like improper specimen handling) or uncontrollable (patient's condition).

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Study Notes

Clinical Chemistry I - 0202304

Week 02: Specimen Collection and Processing

  • Objectives:
    • Describe proper specimen acquisition (patient prep, preservation, timing, handling).
    • Summarize specimen handling for identification on different containers.
    • Describe skin puncture collection technique.
    • Discuss order of draw for multiple blood specimens, including order for multiple tubes.

Definitions

  • Additives: Compounds added to biological specimens to prevent clotting or preserve constituents.
  • Anticoagulant: Substance that prevents blood from clotting.
  • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): Prenatal test for birth defects, involving tissue retrieval from chorionic villi.
  • Coagulation (clotting): Sequential process where blood factors interact to form an insoluble fibrin clot.
  • Diurnal variation: Variation in a substance's amount over a 24-hour period.
  • Hemolysis: Disruption of red blood cell membranes, releasing hemoglobin and other components.
  • Phlebotomy: Puncturing a blood vessel to collect blood.
  • Preanalytical errors: Factors affecting specimens before testing (can be controllable or uncontrollable).
  • Preservative: Substance added to a specimen to prevent changes in its constituents.
  • Plasma: Noncellular component of anticoagulated whole blood, containing clotting factors.
  • Serum: Watery portion of blood remaining after clotting, obtained after centrifugation.
  • Sharps container: Container for disposing of sharps.
  • Skin puncture: Collection of capillary blood, typically from a child's heel.
  • Specimen: Sample of body fluid or tissue for analysis.
  • Venipuncture: Process of collecting venous blood.
  • Venous occlusion: Temporary blockage of venous blood return (e.g., tourniquet).

Critical Specimen Issues

  • Specimens must be valid.
  • Appropriate policies, procedures, and techniques are necessary for:
    • Collection
    • Identification
    • Processing
    • Storage
    • Transport
  • Errors in these areas are called pre-analytical errors.
  • Some errors are controllable.

Types of Specimens

  • Whole blood
  • Serum
  • Plasma
  • Urine
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Spinal, synovial, amniotic, pleural, pericardial, and ascitic fluids
  • Solid tissue
  • Cells

Blood

  • Phlebotomy: Puncturing a vein or opening a vein to draw blood.
  • Veins: Preferred specimen source for most analyte tests (venipuncture).
  • Arteries: Primarily used for blood gas analyses (arterial puncture).
  • Capillaries: Used for young children, point-of-care tests (skin puncture).

Equipment

  • Syringes
  • Needles
  • Butterfly infusion set
  • Collection tubes (various sizes and types)
  • Alcohol wipes
  • Bandages
  • Gauze sponges
  • Tourniquet
  • Sharps containers
  • Requisition form
  • Microdevices (for skin puncture)
  • Lancets (for skin puncture)

Venipuncture

  • Patient should be seated or supine.
  • Torniquet application: Causes occlusion and briefly affects chemical composition. Should not exceed 1 minute.
  • Common veins: Cephalic, intermediate, and basilic veins.

The Collecting Tubes

  • Contain additives (anticoagulants and preservatives).
  • Color-coded for different uses
  • Anticoagulants: e.g., EDTA, sodium fluoride, heparin, citrate, (K2)EDTA -Preservatives: e.g,,

Skin Puncture

  • Uses lancets, microdevices.
  • Sample volume is small, good for pediatric applications.

Site of Puncture (Skin Puncture)

  • Tip of finger, earlobe
  • Heel or big toe of infants

Arterial Puncture

  • Primarily for gas analysis (e.g., pO2, pCO2, pH)
  • Performed by specially trained technicians or physicians.
  • Sites: Radial artery at wrist, brachial artery in elbow, femoral artery in groin.

Equipment Necessary for Venipuncture

  • Gloves
  • Needles
  • Collection tubes
  • Alcohol wipes
  • Bandages
  • Gauze sponges
  • Tourniquet
  • Sharps container
  • Requisition form

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Clinical Chemistry I 0202304 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on specimen collection and processing in Clinical Chemistry. This quiz focuses on acquisition techniques, handling, and understanding of various additives. Perfect for reviewing essential concepts in laboratory practices.

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