Clinical Assessment of Respiratory Conditions

The act of using your hands to feel the body to check for abnormalities.

The sound produced when tapping on the chest with your fingers.

Listening to the sounds made by the body, usually with a stethoscope.

A form of chest deformation where the sternum protrudes forward.

A form of chest deformation where the sternum is sunken in, making the chest look like a funnel.

The normal breathing sound heard over most of the lung fields.

A breath sound characterized by a higher pitch and louder intensity, heard in the larger airways, like the trachea and main bronchi.

The measurement of the body, such as height, weight, and chest circumference.

A type of sound, typically detected during percussion of the chest, indicating a healthy lung tissue.

A type of breathing pattern in which the chest expands outward, this often indicates an increase in airway resistance.

The process that takes place in the heart that is reflected in the P-wave on an electrocardiogram.

The location of the apex beat is a useful marker of the heart's size and position. It indicates the point where the left ventricle's apex makes the strongest contact with the chest wall.

The position of the patient is important for ensuring accurate blood pressure measurements.

When taking a blood pressure measurement, where on the patient's arm is the sphygmomanometer placed?

A type of chest shape characterized by an increased anteroposterior size, smoothened supraclavicular fossae, parallel course of ribs, and wide intercostal spaces.

Spirography: Used to assess the airflow and lung volumes that a patient can generate during breathing.

A high-pitched, loud, strong breath sound with a longer expiration than inspiration and a clear gap between them.

The thyroid gland is not visible or palpable with the naked eye. It is considered a normal-sized gland.

A method of examining the heart by listening to its sounds using a stethoscope.

The apical impulse, also known as the point of maximal impulse (PMI), is the pulsation created as the apex of the heart strikes the chest wall during systole.

The area in the chest where the heart's sound resonates most strongly due to its close proximity to the chest wall.

The first heart sound (S1) represents the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.

The range of a normal heart rate for an adult at rest is between 60-100 beats per minute.

The closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves creates the second heart sound (S2).

A method of physical examination used to assess the size and consistency of the spleen. It involves tapping on the abdomen with a finger to produce a sound that can be interpreted to determine the organ's size.

A method of physical examination that involves pressing on the abdomen to assess tenderness, masses, and other abnormalities.

A method used to assess the kidney function. It measures the concentration of urine throughout the day and night to detect variations in kidney filtration and reabsorption.

A method of physical examination that involves listening to the sounds produced within the body using a stethoscope. This is used to evaluate the health of the liver and other organs.

A method of physical examination that aims to determine the position, size, and consistency of the liver by pressing your fingers below the rib cage. It tests the liver's response to pressure.

A method of physical examination that involves tapping on the chest with fingers to produce a sound. This helps assess the underlying lung tissue and identify abnormalities.

A method of physical examination that involves comparing sounds produced by percussion on symmetrical parts of the body. This helps identify differences in lung tissue or other organs on the left and right sides.

A method of physical examination that involves pressing on the thyroid gland to assess its size, shape, and consistency. This helps identify abnormalities in the thyroid gland.

A blood pressure reading of 180/120 mmHg falls under this category, indicating a serious health concern.

The carotid artery is located in the neck and is responsible for supplying blood to the head and brain. It's palpable near the front of the neck, just below the jaw.

The apex beat is displaced to the left when the heart is enlarged or shifted. This happens in conditions like heart failure, where the left ventricle is weakened and enlarged.

Normal urine has a specific gravity between 1.010 and 1.025, which is a measure of its density compared to water.

The pancreas is a long organ that lies across the back of the abdomen. It's projected onto the anterior abdominal wall, roughly between the stomach and the spine.

The liver is a large organ located in the upper right abdomen. According to Kurlov's method, its normal size is about 10-12 cm in the midclavicular line.

The liver is palpable in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It can be felt by gently pressing on this area.

The examination of the gastrointestinal system should proceed in a logical order, starting from the mouth and progressing downwards. This ensures a systematic and thorough assessment.

The area of the colon that is most closely related to the lower border of the stomach is the descending colon. It's the section of the large intestine that descends from the left side of the abdomen to the pelvic region.

Palpation is a physical examination technique where the doctor uses their hands to feel the body's tissues for any abnormalities, like tenderness, swelling, or masses. In this case, palpation is used to assess the lower border of the stomach.

Hypersthenic body type is characterized by a predominance of the abdomen over the chest. This means the person has a larger belly compared to their chest. This type of body build may make it harder to accurately determine the lower border of the stomach during palpation.

The midclavicular line is a vertical line that runs down the chest, passing through the middle of the clavicle (collarbone). It is used as a reference point to locate anatomical structures during physical examination, including the lower border of the stomach.

The left hypochondriac region is a specific area on the left side of the abdomen, just below the ribs. The descending colon is located in this region, making it relevant to the lower border of the stomach.

The spleen is an organ located in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen. It's important to know its location because it can affect palpation of the lower border of the stomach. The spleen might be enlarged and interfere with the doctor's assessment.

Percussion is a physical examination technique that involves tapping on the body surface to elicit sounds. Different sounds indicate different densities of underlying tissue. Percussion can help determine the size and position of the stomach.

Tympanic sound is a hollow, drum-like sound produced during percussion. It's often heard over air-filled organs, like the stomach. When assessing the lower border of the stomach, the doctor might hear a tympanic sound over the stomach and a duller sound over the underlying organs.

The liver is a large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Its upper border is typically found near the lower border of the stomach. Palpation of the liver might affect the assessment of the lower border of the stomach.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine and is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It is connected to the stomach and plays a significant role in digestion.

The pancreas is an organ located in the upper abdomen, behind the stomach. It plays a critical role in digestion and blood sugar regulation. Its position can indirectly affect the lower border of the stomach during palpation because it's located near the stomach.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a procedure where a long, flexible tube with a camera is inserted down the esophagus, into the stomach, and into the duodenum. This allows for a direct visual examination of these organs, including the lower border of the stomach.

Gastrin is a hormone produced by the stomach that helps stimulate the release of gastric acid and digestive enzymes. It's important to understand gastric function to comprehend how the stomach might be affected during the physical examination.

Deep palpation is a physical examination technique where the doctor presses their fingers deeply into the body to assess the underlying structures. It's used to examine the deeper structures of the abdomen, including the lower border of the stomach.

Comparative percussion is a physical examination technique where the doctor compares the sounds produced by tapping on different areas of the body. This technique helps determine the size and position of the stomach and other organs.

X-ray is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses electromagnetic radiation to capture images of internal structures. It's a common method to assess the stomach's size, shape, and any potential abnormalities, aiding in the determination of the lower border of the stomach.