Clinical and Molecular Diagnostics Lecture 2
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Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of Leukocytosis?

  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Bone marrow disorders
  • Dental caries
  • Thyroid problems (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a cause of Leukopenia?

  • Smoking (correct)
  • Bone marrow disorders
  • Cancer
  • Autoimmune diseases

    • What is the main difference between Reactive Thrombocytosis and Essential Thrombocythemia?

  • One is more common in men, the other in women
  • One is acute, the other chronic
  • One is caused by medical problems, the other by genetic changes (correct)
  • One causes bleeding, the other clotting

    • Which of the following is a cause of Neutrophilia?

    <p>Tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of Thrombocytosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of Leukocytosis?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of Neutropenia?

    <p>Viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Leukocytosis and Leukopenia?

    <p>One increases white blood cell count, the other decreases it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of lymphocytosis in children?

    <p>Viral infections such as whooping cough, mumps, and measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of monocytosis?

    <p>Chronic bacterial infections such as tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of eosinophilia?

    <p>Allergic conditions such as asthma and hay fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of lymphocytopenia?

    <p>HIV/AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of basophilia?

    <p>Allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of splenomegaly?

    <p>Brucellosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of anemia based on a hemoglobin value of 9.0 g/dL?

    <p>Moderate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of microcytic anemia?

    <p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of anemia based on an MCV value?

    <p>Normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of the acquired form of normocytic anemia?

    <p>Chronic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of anemia based on an MCH value?

    <p>Hypochromic, normochromic, and hyperchromic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hemoglobin value range for mild anemia?

    <p>10.0 to lower limit of normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of anemia that can be caused by inadequate iron intake or inability to absorb iron?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of anemia based on hemoglobin value of 7.0 g/dL?

    <p>Severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of anemia in women due to chronic blood loss?

    <p>Frequent or heavy periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of anemia caused by an inherited abnormality?

    <p>Thalassemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Vitamin B-12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an increase in the number of red blood cells?

    <p>Erythrocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of Erythrocytopenia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an increase in the number of white blood cells?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a decrease in the number of platelets?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Sampling (Phlebotomy)

    • Types of blood sampling tubes: plain serum tube, ESR tubes
    • Heel blood sampling

    Complete Blood Count (CBC)

    • Blood indices:
      • Depend on hemoglobin value: mild (10.0 g/dL to lower limit of normal), moderate (8.0 to 10.0 g/dL), severe (6.5 to 7.9 g/dL), life-threatening (less than 6.5 g/dL)
      • Depend on MCV value: normocytic, microcytic, macrocytic
      • Depend on MCH value: normochromic, hypochromic, hyperchromic

    Types and Common Causes of Anemia

    • Normochromic normocytic anemia: chronic diseases (kidney disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroiditis)
    • Hypochromic microcytic anemia: iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia
    • Normochromic or hypochromic macrocytic anemia: megaloblastic (vitamin B-12 deficiency or folate deficiency), non-megaloblastic (chronic alcohol use disorder, liver disease, hypothyroidism)

    Important Terms

    • RBCs: erythrocytes, erythrocytopenia, erythrocytosis (polycythemia)
    • WBCs: leucocytes, leukocytosis, leukocytopenia, neutrophilia, neutropenia, eosinophilia, eosinopenia
    • Platelets: thrombocytes, thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia

    Causes of Erythrocytosis

    • Smoking
    • Drinking too much alcohol
    • Certain medicines
    • Chronic heart, lung, kidney, or liver disease

    Causes of Erythrocytopenia

    • Vitamin or mineral deficiency
    • Low iron levels
    • Major organ problems
    • Red blood cells destroyed by the body
    • Loss of RBCs in hemorrhage

    Causes of Leukocytosis

    • Excessive physical or emotional stress
    • Burns
    • Immune system disorders
    • Smoking
    • Obesity
    • Thyroid problems
    • Dental caries
    • Certain medicines
    • Allergies
    • Splenectomy

    Causes of Leukocytopenia

    • Bone marrow disorders
    • Autoimmune diseases
    • Infections
    • HIV
    • Medications

    Causes of Thrombocytosis

    • Reactive thrombocytosis: blood loss, cancer, infections, iron deficiency
    • Essential thrombocythemia: genetic changes, increased platelet production

    Causes of Neutrophilia

    • Acute bacterial infections
    • Tissue damage
    • Acute myocardial infarction
    • Acute hemorrhage
    • Malignant diseases

    Causes of Neutropenia

    • Viral infections
    • Bacterial infections
    • Splenomegaly
    • Megaloblastic anemia
    • Bone marrow failure

    Causes of Lymphocytosis

    • Viral infections
    • Bacterial infections
    • Infectious mononucleosis
    • Cytomegalovirus infection
    • Lymphocytic leukemia, lymphomas

    Causes of Lymphocytopenia

    • HIV/AIDS
    • Severe bone marrow failure
    • Covid-19 infection

    Causes of Monocytosis

    • Chronic bacterial infections
    • Tuberculosis
    • Bacterial endocarditis

    Causes of Eosinophilia

    • Helminth infections
    • Allergic conditions
    • Skin diseases

    Causes of Basophilia

    • Allergic reactions
    • Chronic inflammation
    • Malignancies

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    Description

    This quiz covers the second lecture on Clinical and Molecular Diagnostics, presented by Dr. Michael Mounir, focusing on blood sampling and laboratory diagnostics.

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