30 Questions
What is a common cause of Leukocytosis?
Thyroid problems
Which of the following is NOT a cause of Leukopenia?
Smoking
What is the main difference between Reactive Thrombocytosis and Essential Thrombocythemia?
One is caused by medical problems, the other by genetic changes
Which of the following is a cause of Neutrophilia?
Tissue damage
What is a common cause of Thrombocytosis?
All of the above
Which of the following is a cause of Leukocytosis?
Corticosteroids
What is a common cause of Neutropenia?
Viral infections
What is the main difference between Leukocytosis and Leukopenia?
One increases white blood cell count, the other decreases it
What is a common cause of lymphocytosis in children?
Viral infections such as whooping cough, mumps, and measles
What is a common cause of monocytosis?
Chronic bacterial infections such as tuberculosis
What is a common cause of eosinophilia?
Allergic conditions such as asthma and hay fever
What is a common cause of lymphocytopenia?
HIV/AIDS
What is a common cause of basophilia?
Allergic reactions
What is a common cause of splenomegaly?
Brucellosis
What is the classification of anemia based on a hemoglobin value of 9.0 g/dL?
Moderate
What is the most common cause of microcytic anemia?
Iron deficiency
What is the classification of anemia based on an MCV value?
Normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic
What is the most common cause of the acquired form of normocytic anemia?
Chronic disease
What is the classification of anemia based on an MCH value?
Hypochromic, normochromic, and hyperchromic
What is the hemoglobin value range for mild anemia?
10.0 to lower limit of normal
What is the common cause of anemia that can be caused by inadequate iron intake or inability to absorb iron?
Iron deficiency anemia
What is the classification of anemia based on hemoglobin value of 7.0 g/dL?
Severe
What is the common cause of anemia in women due to chronic blood loss?
Frequent or heavy periods
What is the type of anemia caused by an inherited abnormality?
Thalassemia
What is the cause of megaloblastic anemia?
Vitamin B-12 deficiency
What is the term for an increase in the number of red blood cells?
Erythrocytosis
What is a common cause of Erythrocytopenia?
All of the above
What is the term for an increase in the number of white blood cells?
Leukocytosis
What is the term for a decrease in the number of platelets?
Thrombocytopenia
What is the cause of non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia?
All of the above
Study Notes
Blood Sampling (Phlebotomy)
- Types of blood sampling tubes: plain serum tube, ESR tubes
- Heel blood sampling
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Blood indices:
- Depend on hemoglobin value: mild (10.0 g/dL to lower limit of normal), moderate (8.0 to 10.0 g/dL), severe (6.5 to 7.9 g/dL), life-threatening (less than 6.5 g/dL)
- Depend on MCV value: normocytic, microcytic, macrocytic
- Depend on MCH value: normochromic, hypochromic, hyperchromic
Types and Common Causes of Anemia
- Normochromic normocytic anemia: chronic diseases (kidney disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroiditis)
- Hypochromic microcytic anemia: iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia
- Normochromic or hypochromic macrocytic anemia: megaloblastic (vitamin B-12 deficiency or folate deficiency), non-megaloblastic (chronic alcohol use disorder, liver disease, hypothyroidism)
Important Terms
- RBCs: erythrocytes, erythrocytopenia, erythrocytosis (polycythemia)
- WBCs: leucocytes, leukocytosis, leukocytopenia, neutrophilia, neutropenia, eosinophilia, eosinopenia
- Platelets: thrombocytes, thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia
Causes of Erythrocytosis
- Smoking
- Drinking too much alcohol
- Certain medicines
- Chronic heart, lung, kidney, or liver disease
Causes of Erythrocytopenia
- Vitamin or mineral deficiency
- Low iron levels
- Major organ problems
- Red blood cells destroyed by the body
- Loss of RBCs in hemorrhage
Causes of Leukocytosis
- Excessive physical or emotional stress
- Burns
- Immune system disorders
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Thyroid problems
- Dental caries
- Certain medicines
- Allergies
- Splenectomy
Causes of Leukocytopenia
- Bone marrow disorders
- Autoimmune diseases
- Infections
- HIV
- Medications
Causes of Thrombocytosis
- Reactive thrombocytosis: blood loss, cancer, infections, iron deficiency
- Essential thrombocythemia: genetic changes, increased platelet production
Causes of Neutrophilia
- Acute bacterial infections
- Tissue damage
- Acute myocardial infarction
- Acute hemorrhage
- Malignant diseases
Causes of Neutropenia
- Viral infections
- Bacterial infections
- Splenomegaly
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Bone marrow failure
Causes of Lymphocytosis
- Viral infections
- Bacterial infections
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Cytomegalovirus infection
- Lymphocytic leukemia, lymphomas
Causes of Lymphocytopenia
- HIV/AIDS
- Severe bone marrow failure
- Covid-19 infection
Causes of Monocytosis
- Chronic bacterial infections
- Tuberculosis
- Bacterial endocarditis
Causes of Eosinophilia
- Helminth infections
- Allergic conditions
- Skin diseases
Causes of Basophilia
- Allergic reactions
- Chronic inflammation
- Malignancies
This quiz covers the second lecture on Clinical and Molecular Diagnostics, presented by Dr. Michael Mounir, focusing on blood sampling and laboratory diagnostics.
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