PECC Lesson 8

The problem is very difficult to solve, particularly at the global level, due to the lack of a single country or agency that can act as an effective central enforcer.

Everyone producing GHG emissions contributes to increasing the risks of adverse climatic changes, while everyone reducing GHG emissions contributes to the mitigation of such risks.

Climate change is a global public good, as it corresponds closely to standard definitions, where everyone's actions affect the global outcome.

<p>The high costs arising from aggregating national preferences, casting them into collectively binding global decisions, and implementing these policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a global public good, where individual actions have cumulative effects, and there is no single country or agency that can act as an effective central enforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reductions of greenhouse gas emissions on a very large scale are required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate change is an example of the tragedy of the commons, where individual actions have negative consequences for the global community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Democracy can facilitate international cooperation and collective action on climate change, but it also poses challenges in aggregating national preferences and implementing policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate change is a complex global problem characterized by a free-rider problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stronger public and interest group demand for climate change mitigation in democracies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher public concern over climate change risks and greater environmental NGO activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher income levels in democracies tend to be associated with better environmental outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Democracies are more active in environmental monitoring and research and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong public demand for climate change mitigation drives policy outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Democratic systems can facilitate international cooperation on climate change by increasing transparency and accountability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Democracies are more likely to provide global public goods, such as climate change mitigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary challenge is the long-term and inter-generational nature of the problem, which involves big scientific challenges in understanding benefits and costs, and this is consistent with public goods theory, which predicts difficulties in implementing collective action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difficulties in implementing the Kyoto Protocol and concluding a follow-up agreement demonstrate that the prediction of public goods theory is probably correct, highlighting the challenges in collective action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National contributions vary considerably, both with respect to political commitments and emission behavior, with some countries, such as Germany and the UK, showing stronger commitments and better emission behavior, while others, such as Iran and North Korea, show weaker commitments and worse emission behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'commitment' variable measures the strength of a country's political commitment to climate change mitigation, and it ranges from 0 to 1, with 1 expressing the strongest political commitment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text does not explicitly discuss the relationship between democracy and international cooperation, but it suggests that democratic countries, such as Germany and the UK, tend to have stronger commitments and better emission behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate change mitigation is a global public good, as it benefits all countries and individuals, but its provision is difficult to achieve due to the free-rider problem and the challenges of collective action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text suggests that institutions, such as international agreements and national policies, play a crucial role in addressing climate change, but their effectiveness is limited by the challenges of collective action and the difficulties of implementing climate change policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The data in Table 1 suggests that there is a positive correlation between political commitment and emission behavior, with countries that have stronger commitments to climate change mitigation tend to have better emission behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthropogenic causes, particularly emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human-induced climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic and social effects that are grave and potentially disastrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Societies with lower economic and social capacities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires collective action and cooperation among nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>185 countries since 1990</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reaching a collective agreement among nations to take action</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because cross-sectional variation is much larger than year-to-year changes on the dependent variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>OLS with robust standard errors (Huber-White estimator)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indices for policy output and policy outcome, as well as indicators for emission levels and emission trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To distinguish between emission levels and emission trends, as there is disagreement in the literature over which concept is more appropriate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It marks the climate change issue moving onto the global policy agenda</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first index captures policy output, while the second index and the two emissions indicators measure policy outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of a single country or agency that can act as an effective central enforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are non-rivalrous and non-excludable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The aggregation of national preferences into collectively binding global decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a higher level of public demand for climate change action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong political commitment leads to decreased emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing climate change mitigation policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in reducing greenhouse gas emissions on a large scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The benefits of climate change mitigation are non-rivalrous and non-excludable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That political commitment varies significantly across nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>North Korea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It complicates predicting the benefits and costs over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It illustrates the challenges in achieving international agreements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political commitment to climate change mitigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>United Kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher commitment is associated with a decrease in GHG emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Average annual change in per capita greenhouse gas emissions excluding land use change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicholas Stern</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combustion of fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grave and potentially disastrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthropogenic emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Global market failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Global policy prominence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complexity of climate change challenges compared to local issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher levels of public concern and environmental NGO activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earlier achievement of the environmental Kuznets curve turning point</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased research and development activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A global free-rider problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater public concern and strength of interest groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public concern tends to be higher independently of income</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GHG emissions have reached a turning point</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ordinary Least Squares with robust standard errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Policy output</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To distinguish emission levels and emission trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public goods provision in climate change mitigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Does not include indices for policy outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Year-to-year changes in the variables are smaller than cross-sectional variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1990</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emission trends</p> Signup and view all the answers