Science Module 2 Exam Review

<p>Stable weather patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to increased risks of infectious diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased temperatures from greenhouse gas emissions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased health risks in various populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Migration patterns in animals changing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swamp (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthracite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous water supply (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1600s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bituminous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases hazardous pollutants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>China (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lignite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8.3 billion tonnes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Industrial Revolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>British Columbia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limit global warming to well below 2°C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highest moisture content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of hazardous pollutants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its volume is reduced by up to 600 times. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air freight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the viscosity of the oil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can harm the water supply. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SAGD (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>West Texas Intermediate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold Lake Area, Alberta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cost of injecting steam is high. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The total acid content of the oil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20 to 25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sour petroleum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By cooling natural gas below -162 degrees Celsius. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viscosity at freezing temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogen atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce less greenhouse gas emissions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oil production phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It minimizes the risk of corrosion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oil sands projects require higher initial investments but lower marginal costs thereafter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bamboo pipes were used for extraction and transportation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted back into gas using regasification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It varies based on chemical composition and constituents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All oil sands producers require prices above C$40 per barrel for sustainability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fuels like gasoline, diesel, and numerous everyday products. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An appropriate structure for trapping petroleum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biochemical reactions in absence of oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural gas, coal, and peat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In taiga regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In situ extraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catagenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is mixed with toxic metals and sulfur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burial of organic matter and sediments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dense coniferous forests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental pollution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From decaying organic matter under high pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.37% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electricity generated from perpetual resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ocean currents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persian windmill (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinetic energy of fast-moving winds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canadian tar sands oil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 10 kg/m3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turbines in coastal areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preferred due to cleaner properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wind is more consistent at sea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need for energy storage solutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical and electrical energies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small-power plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using tidal action to drive turbines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun oppose each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pico-power plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have minimum ecological impacts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reservoir of calm water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two high tides and two low tides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alignment of the Moon, Sun, and Earth creating strong gravitational forces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Created one of the largest reservoirs in the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gravitational pull from the Moon and Sun. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capacity between 5 to 100 KW. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wind blowing over water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quebec (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Livestock manure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biodiesel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8th (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat from the Earth's interior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geothermal heat pumps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10C - 16C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wood pellets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By being co-fired with fossil fuels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bioethanol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must regenerate faster than it is consumed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is independent of solar radiations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>740 MW (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heating and stabilizing biomass feedstocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can provide continuous energy regardless of weather (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water flows into a tidal basin and is released through turbines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydroelectric dams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes to water-level fluctuations, salinity, and turbidity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic tidal power systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They use tidal currents to turn underwater turbines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distance over which wind blows to create waves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was the first tidal stream plant to produce energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wave energy is more reliable than wind energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>45 kWh (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bay of Fundy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renewable and clean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength of the wind and the fetch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both utilize kinetic energy from tidal movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Waves remain even in calm weather. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.4% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corn and wheat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulp and paper industry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saskatchewan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is greater than that of marine autotrophs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vegetable oils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plastics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2020 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>18% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>393,789 GWh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Southern Alberta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6% in Canada vs. 15% in USA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To utilize temperature differences to generate electricity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require mechanical components for heat energy circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To concentrate sunlight for electrical generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By capturing sunlight with photovoltaic cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentrated Solar Power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20° Celsius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher electricity conversion rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a condenser cooled with cold ocean water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependence on mechanical parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tropical regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat exchangers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solar radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces reliance on non-renewable energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Resources that are finite and will eventually run out.

Excessive increase in Earth's surface temperature, linked to higher concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs).

Gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, crucial for life but harmful in excessive amounts.

A type of non-renewable resource that releases CO2 when burnt.

Significant long-term changes in temperatures and weather patterns.

The increase in the level of the Earth's oceans, caused by melting ice.

Non-renewable resources, particularly fossil fuels, create major environmental problems, such as pollution, resource depletion and climate change.

Climate change increases health risks like infectious diseases, and other factors like food shortages.

Coal forms from the accumulation and preservation of dead plant material in swampy environments over long periods.

Coal is categorized into anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite based on carbon content and heating value.

The highest-ranked coal type, with the highest carbon content (86%-97%) and highest heating value.

Mid-ranked coal type with a moderate carbon content (45%-86%) used for electricity generation and steel production.

Lower-ranked coal type with lower carbon content (35%-45%) than bituminous coal and a lower heating value.

Lowest-ranked coal type with the lowest carbon content (25%-35%) and lowest heating value, often young and moist.

The estimated amount of coal deposits in different countries.

Coal's cost-effectiveness, abundant availability, and economic viability make it a significant energy source.

Coal is a major source of air pollution and contributes significantly to carbon dioxide emissions.

Global coal use was 8.3 billion tonnes in 2022 and remained high in 2023.

China was the largest consumer and importer of coal in 2020, accounting for almost half of global annual coal production.

International treaty to limit global warming to well below 2°C, ideally 1.5°C, above pre-industrial levels.

Petroleum is formed from dead organisms (plants, animals, algae) that accumulated in ancient seas, under high temperature and pressure, over millions of years.

Sedimentary rock containing organic matter that converts to petroleum.

Waxy substance formed from buried organic matter, which can turn into hydrocarbons.

Chemical compounds made of hydrogen and carbon, such as oil and natural gas.

An underground area where petroleum is stored, often within a geological structure.

A type of heavy petroleum, often found mixed with sand.

Sand containing bitumen, forming an unconventional oil source.

Sand containing bitumen, similar to tar sand.

Extraction method for shallow oil sand deposits.

Oil extraction technique used for deep oil sands, using thermal stimulation.

In situ oil extraction method using steam cycles.

In situ technique using steam to reduce viscosity and enable gravity drainage.

An ancient seabed that often contains petroleum.

A technique used to extract heavy oil from underground deposits by injecting steam to reduce oil viscosity and facilitate drainage.

The wellbore where steam is injected into the oil reservoir in SAGD.

The wellbore where heated oil is extracted from the reservoir in SAGD.

Oil with high viscosity, making it difficult to extract using conventional methods.

A fluid's resistance to flow.

Another name for the Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) process, reflecting the cyclic nature of injecting and producing.

A type of crude oil produced in Western Canada, often used as a benchmark for Canadian oil prices.

The cost of producing one additional unit of a good or service.

Crude oil, a naturally occurring liquid fossil fuel.

A gaseous fossil fuel, primarily composed of methane.

The primary component of natural gas, a simple hydrocarbon.

The total heat produced by complete combustion of a unit volume of gas, including the heat released by condensing water vapors.

Natural gas acts as a transitional fuel, helping us move from non-renewable (like coal) to renewable energy sources. It's a short-term solution to current energy needs.

While cleaner than coal and petroleum, natural gas still has environmental concerns. It contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, albeit less than other fossil fuels.

Natural gas cooled to a very low temperature, turning it into a liquid. This makes storage and transportation easier.

Liquefied natural gas is not flammable in its liquid state. Safety feature! It's ignited back into a gas for use.

Gases like propane and butane, stored in a liquid form. They're cleaner burning than other fossil fuels, and used for various purposes.

Propane (C3H8) is a key LPG component, known for high energy content. It's found in natural gas and oil deposits.

Where oil comes from matters! Different regions have oils with different qualities, influencing price and ranking.

The API gravity measures oil density, determining how quickly it flows. Lighter oil flows easier.

TAN measures how much acid is in oil. Lower TAN is better as it reduces corrosion during refining.

Sulfur in crude oil is an impurity, corroding equipment and polluting the air. Sweet oil has less sulfur, while sour has more.

Sweet oil has low sulfur content, better for refining and environment, while sour oil has high sulfur.

Light oil flows easily at room temperature, while Heavy oil is thicker and slow-moving.

OPEC, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, sets global oil prices by averaging prices from 12 member nations.

This type of oil, produced in the US, is known for its low sulfur content and easy flow.

Petroleum with low sulfur content, preferred for refining due to its ease of processing and less environmental impact.

Petroleum high in sulfur content, requiring extensive refining and potentially contributing more to environmental pollution.

A measure of the density of petroleum compared to water, with higher values indicating lighter oil.

Petroleum with a lower density than water, generally having a higher percentage of hydrocarbons.

Resources that can be replenished naturally over a relatively short period, ensuring their availability for future generations.

Challenges associated with renewable energy sources, such as high initial costs, unreliable energy output, and difficulties in storage.

The process of converting kinetic energy from moving air (wind) into electrical energy using wind turbines.

Structures designed to capture the kinetic energy of wind and convert it into mechanical energy, later transformed into electricity.

A wind turbine utilizing aerodynamic forces (lift) to generate power, typically with horizontal axis rotors.

A wind turbine generating power through drag forces, often featuring vertical axis rotors with solid vanes.

A structure built across a river to control water flow and generate electricity using the movement of water.

Harnessing energy from ocean waves using devices like buoys or floating platforms.

Generating electricity from the movement of tides, using turbines placed in areas with significant tidal flow.

Using the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater to generate electricity.

Wood waste and pulping liquid are commonly used to generate electricity and steam, especially in provinces with significant forestry activities.

Ethanol, a gasoline substitute, is primarily made from corn, wheat, or barley.

Biodiesel, a diesel substitute, is produced from vegetable oils, non-edible waste greases, and animal fats.

Biogas, a methane-rich gas similar to natural gas, is generated from sources like livestock manure, crop residue, and organic waste.

Canada contributes about 1% of the global liquid biofuel production, ranking 8th worldwide.

Renewable energy source that harnesses the power of tides to generate electricity.

A large dam built across a tidal estuary to capture and harness the flow of water during high and low tides.

Underwater turbines that capture energy from fast-moving tidal currents.

A system using long dams stretching into the sea to create a head of water for generating power.

A bay in Canada with exceptionally high tidal ranges (up to 16 meters), making it ideal for tidal energy.

The distance over which wind blows across a body of water, influencing the size of waves.

The amount of energy a wave can produce, dependent on its height, wavelength, and breaking distance.

Wave energy systems that capture energy from the rise and fall of waves using fixed devices.

The difference in height between high tide and low tide.

The amount of salt dissolved in water.

The cloudiness or haziness of water caused by suspended particles.

The energy of motion, which is used to turn the blades of tidal stream generators.

A coastal area that is periodically submerged and exposed by tides.

One of the first operational tidal stream power plants located on the north coast of Scotland.

Facilities that convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical and electrical energy. They use turbines and generators powered by the force of gravity acting on water.

Hydroelectric power plants with a total installed capacity of less than 10 MW. They generally have minimal environmental impact.

The world's largest hydropower plant, located in China. It produces a massive amount of electricity.

Low tides that occur when the Moon faces the Earth at a right angle to the Sun, resulting in weaker gravitational forces.

High tides that occur when the Sun, Moon, and Earth align, creating stronger combined gravitational forces.

Ocean tides that occur twice a day with two high tides and two low tides.

The difference in height between high tide and low tide.

The horizontal movement of water caused by the rise and fall of tides.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, which harnesses the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater to generate electricity.

OTEC systems can produce electricity and desalinate seawater, making it a potentially valuable resource for coastal communities.

OTEC operates best in deep, warm seas with a significant temperature difference between the surface and deeper waters.

A renewable energy source that captures heat directly from the sun's radiation for various purposes, including heating and electricity generation.

Solar thermal systems that rely on pumps and fans for circulating fluids to capture and transfer heat energy.

Solar thermal systems that don't require pumps or fans, relying on design features to capture heat.

Solar thermal technologies are categorized by temperature range: low, medium, and high.

CSP plants use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, converting it into heat that drives a turbine for electricity generation.

Concentrated sunlight heats a fluid (often water), which then turns into high-pressure steam to drive a turbine, similar to fossil fuel plants.

The world's first commercial CSP tower plant, located in Seville, Spain, using heliostats to concentrate sunlight for power generation.

Solar PV systems directly convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic modules, which contain semiconductor cells that release electrons when exposed to sunlight.

PV cells are made from semiconductor materials like silicon, which absorb photons from sunlight and release electrons, creating an electrical current.

Solar panels are placed in areas with abundant sunlight, such as open fields or rooftops, to maximize their energy generation potential.

Solar PV systems provide clean and reliable electricity for a wide range of applications, including livestock, agriculture, industry, and residential use.

Heat energy from the Earth's interior, generated by the decay of radioactive elements. This is a renewable and sustainable energy source that is used for heating, electricity generation, and other applications.

The three main types of geothermal energy systems are: 1. Geothermal heat pumps, 2. Power plants for electricity generation, and 3. Direct heating systems.

Energy derived from organic matter, mainly plants and animal waste, that captures energy from the sun through photosynthesis. This renewable resource is a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels.

Materials used to produce biomass energy. Examples include wood, plants, agricultural waste, and municipal solid waste.

Process where biomass is heated to extract energy. This involves burning, dehydration, or stabilization of the feedstock.

Burning biomass with fossil fuels, usually coal, at power plants to reduce carbon emissions and improve efficiency.

Fuel derived from biological sources, such as plants and animals. It is a renewable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.

Alcohol produced by fermentation of sugars and starches from crops like corn and sugarcane. It's a biofuel used in transportation.

Biofuel made from vegetable oils and animal fats through transesterification, used as a substitute for diesel fuel.

Methane gas produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. It's a renewable energy source used for heating and electricity generation.

Biofuels can be produced in three forms: solid, liquid, and gas. Examples include wood pellets, wood chips, bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas.

The world's largest pure biomass power plant, located in the Severn Gorge, UK, with a capacity of 740 MW. It utilized wood pellets as fuel and originally operated as a coal-fired power station.

Biomass can be utilized in various ways: burned directly to produce heat, converted into electricity, or processed into biofuels. This provides a flexible and sustainable energy source.

Biomass is considered renewable when its regeneration rate surpasses the rate of consumption. Sustainable harvesting practices ensure the ongoing availability of biomass resources.

The world's largest biomass plant is a land-based plant, with significantly more plant biomass than animal biomass.

Human-made objects, like plastics, now outweigh all living biomass on Earth. This includes the mass of all land and marine animals combined.

Biomass is used as an energy source, especially in remote areas and for heating. In 2022, it was the fifth largest source of electricity generation in Canada.

Biofuel types include ethanol (gasoline substitute) and biodiesel (diesel substitute). They're produced from things like corn, wheat, vegetable oils, and animal fats.

Canada has abundant energy resources, including a diverse supply of energy and a large amount of renewable water for hydroelectric power.

Canada is the third largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, generating over 60% of its total electricity from hydropower.

This operation in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, harnesses tidal energy to generate power.

Canada's high latitude and cloud cover limit solar potential, but it's still a growing source of energy, predicted to increase significantly by 2040.

Biomass heat is increasing in popularity, especially in remote and rural communities, as well as in commercial buildings.

Most global biomass is found on land. There's significantly less biomass in the world's oceans.

On land, about 18% of plant biomass is eaten by animals. However, marine animals eat most of the marine autotrophs, making their biomass greater.

Wind energy is a significant source of electricity generation in Canada. The amount of wind energy produced fluctuates from year to year.