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Questions and Answers
What is described as a dysfunctional and irrational feeling that individuals experience?
Which approach is NOT mentioned as a way to control emotion according to the provided content?
How does Ellis view the relationship between thinking and emotion?
What is the role of a counsellor in this theory?
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According to the content, who is responsible for their behavior?
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What is another name for client-centered counseling?
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What does the client-centered approach primarily stress?
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According to Carl Rogers, what is the key quality of the counseling relationship?
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What role does the counselor play in client-centered therapy?
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How does the client-centered approach help clients with unacceptable characteristics?
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What is a key concept in Carl Rogers' self-theory?
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What technique is commonly used by the counselor in client-centered therapy?
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Which of the following accurately describes the counselor's involvement with the client?
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What is the primary function of reinforcement in behavior modification?
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Which of the following best describes neutral stimuli in the context of behavior reinforcement?
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What role does the counsellor play in the behavior modification process?
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What does rational emotive therapy fundamentally recognize about human beings?
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How does manipulation of the environment serve the behavior modification process?
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Which of the following techniques may be utilized by the counsellor?
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What is the key question that determines the effectiveness of a technique in counseling?
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What is the impact of social disapproval as a type of negative reinforcer?
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Study Notes
Client-Centered Counseling Approach
- Also known as self-theory, non-directive, or Rogerian counseling.
- Developed by Carl R. Rogers, emphasizing the client's ability to identify and solve their own issues.
- Key qualities of the counseling relationship include warmth, permissiveness, and acceptance, fostering self-exploration.
- Clients confront their unacceptable traits in a safe environment, promoting self-acceptance and personal growth.
- The self is defined as an organized configuration of self-perceptions and experiences within one's environment.
- Techniques include verbal reflection, feelings interpretation, clarification, reformulation, and summarization.
- Counselors maintain an aloof and non-directive stance, avoiding emotional involvement or manipulation.
Behavioral Counseling Viewpoint
- A cognitively oriented theory introduced by authors including John D. Krumboltz, Carl E. Thoresen, and Ray F. Hosford.
- Views behavior as a product of the interaction between genetics and environmental influences.
- Most behaviors are learned and can be modified through environmental manipulation and learning conditions.
- Reinforcement is crucial; includes positive reinforcers (e.g., praise), negative reinforcers (e.g., criticism), and neutral stimuli (leading to extinction of behaviors).
- Counselors provide affective experiences to help clients modify their behaviors.
- Techniques are collaboratively determined, with the counselor taking responsibility for behavior modification.
- The counselor acts as an expert, using various methods like manipulation and questioning to effect change.
Rational Emotive Therapy
- Developed by Albert Ellis, focusing on the rational and irrational aspects of human behavior.
- Emphasizes that behavior is influenced by beliefs about how one should or must act.
- Highlights the significance of suggestibility and negative emotionalism (e.g., guilt, hostility) in emotional issues.
- Assert that emotional disturbances stem from illogical thinking; improving rational thought can alleviate emotional issues.
- Responsibility for behavior lies with the individual, not external blame.
- Recognizes that thinking and emotion are interconnected, guiding integrated therapeutic approaches.
- Offers various ways to control emotion, including biochemical methods, physical exercises, sensory techniques, and cognitive reflections.
- Counselors function as teachers, guiding clients in adopting more rational behaviors and addressing current issues rather than focusing on past blame.
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Description
This quiz explores the client-centered counseling approach, a non-directive and affectively oriented method championed by Carl Rogers. It delves into its principles, theoretical foundations, and key proponents. Ideal for students studying counseling theories and psychological practices.
