CLEP Biology Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the key limiting factor on cell size?

The size of a cell is limited by the ratio of its surface area to volume.

A cell will only remain stable if...

the surface area of the plasma membrane maintains a balance with the volume of the cytoplasm.

What does the salivary gland secrete?

saliva

Who studied the relationships between traits expressed in parents and offspring?

Gregor Mendel Signup and view all the answers

In order to become an established part of an island ecosystem, there must be...

a population large enough to ensure successful reproduction, a food source, a suitable habitat, and a source of moisture. Signup and view all the answers

What are lymphocytes?

Cells involved in immunity produced in bone marrow as stem cells. Signup and view all the answers

What do B cells produce?

antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What role do T cells play in immunity?

They patrol the blood for antigens and can destroy them. Signup and view all the answers

How do mass extinctions promote diversification?

Ecological niches open up, making conditions favorable for the establishment of new, diverse species. Signup and view all the answers

What are common elements found in proteins?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What phylum are snakes in?

Chordata Signup and view all the answers

What is cellular respiration?

The process that releases energy for use by the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrogen bond?

Weaker than ionic, covalent, disulfide, or double bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What does a hydrogen bond involve?

The attraction of atoms of different polarity. Signup and view all the answers

What do ionic bonds involve?

The transfer of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What do covalent bonds do?

Share electrons. Signup and view all the answers

How are chimpanzees related to Homo sapiens?

They are more closely related to Homo sapiens than to other apes. Signup and view all the answers

About five million years ago, what happened to the lineage leading to modern Homo sapiens?

It diverged from the lineage that led to the modern chimpanzee. Signup and view all the answers

How can the evolution leading to Homo sapiens be described?

More like branching out of a tree with dead ends and new branches appearing simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

When did early hominids stand upright?

Before there was an increase in brain size. Signup and view all the answers

Did the large brain and upright posture of Homo sapiens evolve together?

No, they did not evolve together. Signup and view all the answers

Where are most fossils of hominids found?

From continents other than North America. Signup and view all the answers

What does the stomach secrete?

Digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and gastric juices. Signup and view all the answers

To which kingdom do algae and protozoa belong?

Protista Signup and view all the answers

How do plants and animals obtain usable nitrogen?

Through nitrogen-fixing bacteria and lightning. Signup and view all the answers

What state is reached when the water concentration inside and outside the cell is equal?

Isotonic state. Signup and view all the answers

What are isotonic conditions produced by?

Water passing through the cell membrane by osmosis from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the reaction rate when substrate concentration increases in the presence of a limited amount of enzyme?

It increases until all the enzymes are used, then levels off. Signup and view all the answers

What is an enzyme?

A special protein that acts as a catalyst for organic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a catalyst?

A substance that changes the speed of a reaction without being affected itself. Signup and view all the answers

What does the kingdom Protista contain?

One-celled eukaryotes such as algae and protozoa. Signup and view all the answers

What does the kingdom Animalia contain?

Organisms that are multicellular eukaryotes including vertebrates and invertebrates. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Size and Stability

Cell size is limited by the surface area to volume ratio.
Stability requires a balance between the surface area of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm volume.

Digestive System Functions

Salivary glands secrete saliva, aiding in the digestion process.
The stomach produces digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and gastric juices while mucous protects its lining.

Gregor Mendel and Genetics

Studied inheritance patterns of traits in parents and offspring, foundational for genetics.

Ecosystem Establishment

Successful island ecosystem integration requires a population large enough for reproduction, adequate food sources, suitable habitats, and moisture.

Immunity and Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are immunity cells produced in bone marrow.
B Cells generate antibodies targeting foreign antigens.
T Cells patrol blood and can destroy antigens, regulating immune responses.

Extinction and Diversification

Mass extinctions open ecological niches, fostering the emergence of diverse species.

Molecular Composition of Proteins

Proteins commonly contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Taxonomy and Classification

Snakes belong to the phylum Chordata.
Kingdom Protista includes algae and protozoa, while Kingdom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes like vertebrates and invertebrates.

Cellular Processes

Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy for cellular use.
Hydrogen bonds are weaker than ionic and covalent bonds, involve attraction between atoms of different polarity, and are easily broken.
Ionic bonds involve electron transfer, while covalent bonds entail electron sharing.

Evolutionary Insights

Chimpanzees are more closely related to Homo sapiens than other apes; however, humans did not evolve from them.
A divergence between the lineages of modern Homo sapiens and chimpanzees occurred about five million years ago.
Human evolution resembles branching trees rather than a linear ladder, with many simultaneous branches and dead ends.
Early hominids walked upright before an increase in brain size, and the evolution of large brain and upright posture did not occur simultaneously.

Fossils and Distribution

Most hominid fossils are found on continents outside of North America.

Nitrogen Acquisition

Plants and animals obtain usable nitrogen through nitrogen-fixing bacteria and lightning.

Osmotic Balance

Cells achieve an isotonic state when water concentrations inside and outside are equal.
Isotonic conditions result from osmotic movement of water to equalize concentrations.

Enzymatic Reactions

Substrate concentration affects reaction rates; increasing substrate leads to higher rates until enzyme saturation occurs.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in organic reactions, while catalysts speed up reactions without altering themselves.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these CLEP Biology flashcards. The cards cover essential concepts such as cell size limitations, membrane stability, and digestive processes. Ideal for students preparing for the CLEP Biology exam.