Clavicle Anatomy

Clavicle

Clavicle is a long bone with a body and two ends.

The clavicle is divided into two parts for ease of study: the outer 1/3, which is flat, and the inner 2/3, which is cylindrical.

The outer 1/3 has two surfaces, superior and inferior, which are separated by the anterior and posterior borders.

The anterior border is concave, and a small thickening called the deltoid tubercle is present.

The inferior surface has a prominent thickening near the posterior border called the conoid tubercle.

A rough line called the trapezoid line, which is oblique in its course, is also present.

The inner 2/3 has four surfaces: anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior, with no clear boundary between them.

A relatively large tuberosity is visible on the inferior surface.

A groove is visible on the inferior surface in the middle third.

The following structures are visible from the medial to the lateral side on the inferior surface of the clavicle: Impression for the costoclavicular ligament, subclavian groove (sulcus), nutrient foramen, conoid tubercle, and trapezoid line (ridge).

The acromial end of the bone has a small articular surface that articulates with the acromion of the scapula and forms a joint.

The sternal end articulates with the manubrium sterni and the first costal cartilage.

The clavicle has two curves: curves are more prone to fracture at this connection point.

Its lateral side shifts inferiorly relative to the weight on the side of the body.

Scapula

The scapula is a flat, triangular bone located in the back and upper chest.

It has two surfaces, three borders, three angles, three ridges, and three fossae.

Most of the bone is made of the body, which is flat and triangular.

The superior is called the base and the inferior is called the apex.

The body has two surfaces, anterior or costal surface and posterior or dorsal surface.

The body of the bone has three angles, superior, inferior, and lateral, which are separated by the anterior, posterior, and superior borders.

In addition to the body, three processes originate from the scapula: the spine of the scapula, the acromion process, and the coracoid process.

Between the superior and medial borders, there is a shallow notch called the glenoid cavity, which is the lateral angle of the bone.

A deep suprascapular notch is also located on the superior border.

The costal surface is concave and is in contact with the posterior wall of the chest.

A shock or spine is located on the dorsal surface, dividing it into two fossae: the supraspinous fossa, which is located above the spine, and the infraspinous fossa, which is located below the spine.

These two fossae communicate with each other via the spinoglenoid notch.

Humerus

The humerus is a long bone with a cylindrical middle part called the shaft or body, and two expanded ends.

The superior end can easily be distinguished from the inferior end by its relatively large, rounded head that faces medially.

A wide but shallow groove, the radial nerve groove, is visible in the upper part of the posterior surface of the body.

The radial nerve and deep brachial artery pass through it which meanders medially and inferiorly.

The nutrient foramen is visible where you find an anterior medial face.

The inferior end of the humerus has an irregular shape and is also known as the condyle.

The sides of the lower edges of the bone in this area form sharp edges known as the medial and lateral supracondylar ridges.

The distal ends of these sharp edges have two processes known as the medial and lateral epicondyles.

The area between the two epicondyles is an irregular articular surface divided into medial and lateral parts.

The lateral part is rounded and called the capitulum forming a joint with the radial head.

The medial part has a grooved structure called the trochlea.

Trochlear notch articulates with the superior ulna.

In addition to these anteriorly, two depressions can be seen in the distal humerus: The radial fossa is located above the capitulum, and the coronoid fossa is located above the trochlea.

From a posterior view of the humerus, a depression is visible in its distal end called the olecranon fossa,

The various parts of the forearm bones are able to move during flexion and extension in the elbow joint at the olecranon fossa.

Head has greater tubercle

At the head of the greater tubercle, there is a vast but shallow concavity known as the radial nerve groove.

Also known as the attachment for the lateral head of triceps brachii.

Ulna

The ulna is a long bone that constitutes the medial aspect of the forearm skeleton, having a body and two ends,

The distal end of the ulna is much smaller than the head, and the head has a disclike shape and a process called the styloid process.

Head has medial surface and articular disc

Head connected to ulnar styloid process

Head is a approximately round shaped surface on its distal aspect that is part of the wrist

The head forms a joint with the ulnar notch of the radius, which is named the inferior radioulnar joint.

In the anterior view, the bottom of head exhibits the articular

One styloid process is a small process that extends distally.

Shaft is a body where distal and distal intersect

Radial notch where the ulna notch articulates with radius

Ulnar process that extends laterally

Carpals

The skeleton of the hand includes the bones of the wrist, palm, and fingers.

The skeleton of the wrist, or carpus, includes eight small, irregular bones called carpal bones.

The skeleton of the palm, or metacarpus, contains five long bones called metacarpal bones.

Finally, the skeleton of the fingers, or digits, is made of small long bones called phalanges or bones of the fingers or toes

In each finger, there are three joints, distal middle distal distal bony bones

The Humerus: Clinical

Three nerves are in direct contact with the humerus and should be considered during humeral fractures.

Circumflex Axillary: N-1 near the surgical neck.

Radial nerves: N-2 along the radial groove.

Ulnar: N-3 in the Ulnar groove (posterior to Medial epicondly).

Humeral fractures usually occur in the surgical neck and supra-condylar in the surgical neck.

In the superior 1/3 portion 2/3 lower share, in which the bone is therefore more susceptible to fracture in this area.

Delayed union or non-union. Generally, with regard to humerus displacement, Capu or Head humeral bone, is usually lower. Generally, referred to as Inf.

Radius

The radius is a long bone which has a head, neck and radial tuberosity.

In the distal ends lies the styloid process, distal and anterior views.

It builds the lateral skeletal sides.

The radial head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus (creates the elbow), the radial notch of the ulna (creates the proximal radio-ulnar joint that allows pronation/supination) and the scaphoid, lunate (creates the wrist)

The radius also bears the brunt of force on the wrist joint.

Radial tuberosity attaches to the bicep.