Classifying Planar Chromatography and Gas Chromatography

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for heating solid materials to 500-10000C in Pyrolysis GC?

To increase the surface area of the stationary phase

To decompose the solid materials into gaseous products (correct)

To create a gaseous mobile phase

To initiate a chemical reaction between the analyte and the mobile phase

What type of chromatography is classified based on the attractive forces between the analyte and the stationary phase?

Planar Chromatography (correct)

Gas Chromatography (GC)

Column Chromatography

Liquid Chromatography (LC)

What type of detector is commonly used in conjunction with UV-vis detection to monitor enzyme activity?

Mass spectrometry (MS)

Refractive Index (RI)

Electrochemical (EC)

Amperometric (correct)

What is the term for the process of passing the mobile phase through the column in column liquid chromatography?

Elution Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for a sample to be analyzed by gas chromatography?

The sample must be volatile at temperatures below 3500C Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromatography is classified based on the mobile phase?

Liquid Chromatography (LC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the portion of the mobile phase that emerges from the outlet end of the column in column liquid chromatography?

Effluent Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromatography is commonly used for the separation of polar non-ionic compounds?

Adsorption Chromatography Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main factors that determine the separation of solutes in chromatography?

The difference in the retention of solutes, and the width of the solute peaks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the volume of the mobile phase that it takes to elute a peak off of the column?

Retention volume (VR) Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity factor (k') of a solute in chromatography?

The ratio of the moles of solute in the stationary phase to the moles of solute in the mobile phase. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the capacity factor (k') and the retention time of a solute?

k' is directly proportional to the retention time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using the capacity factor (k') in chromatography?

It allows for the comparison of results obtained on different systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of mobile phase that it takes to elute a non-retained component?

Void volume (VM) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the flow rate of the mobile phase on the retention time of a solute?

The retention time decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the retention time of a solute and the strength of its interaction with the stationary and mobile phases?

The retention time is directly proportional to the strength of the interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What does the ratio of moles A stationary phase to moles A mobile phase represent at equilibrium?

The amount of solute present in each phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect on separation when k' is equal to 1.0?

Separation is poor Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of k' values that result in optimum separation?

k' = 2-10 Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between efficiency and peak width?

An efficient system produces narrower peaks Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to estimate σ from peak widths, assuming a Gaussian shaped peak?

Wh = 2.354σ Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Wh in the context of chromatography?

Peak width at half height Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the amount of time a solute spends in the column on the efficiency of the chromatographic system?

The efficiency of the system increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between peak width and the difference in interactions required to separate two solutes?

Narrow peaks require a smaller difference in interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a higher μ on the H in a column?

The H decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between longitudinal diffusion in LC and GC?

GC has a higher longitudinal diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for chromatographic resolution?

Rs = WA / 2 + WB / 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of GC over other chromatographic techniques?

It can analyze any compound that can be vaporized Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the solid support in GC?

It provides mechanical support to the column Signup and view all the answers

What determines the maximum limit to how hot the column can be heated in GC?

The adsorbent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of GC?

It is a destructive technique Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the column oven in GC?

To heat the column to a specific temperature Signup and view all the answers

What does a high α value indicate in chromatography?

Good separating power and a good separation between the APEX of each peak Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle of Adsorption (Liquid–Solid) Chromatography?

Separation based on the type and number of functional groups present Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Kav and log (molecular weight) for globular proteins chromatographed on a column of Sephadex G-150 Superﬁne?

Kav is directly proportional to log (molecular weight) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of Ion-Exchange Chromatography?

Electrostatic forces between the analyte and the stationary phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the eluent in bioselective afﬁnity chromatography?

To dissociate the complex holding the analyte to the ligand Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of Size-Exclusion Chromatography?

Size-exclusion of molecules based on their size Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the support in bioselective afﬁnity chromatography?

To present the immobilized ligand to the analyte to be isolated Signup and view all the answers

What type of forces are involved in Adsorption (Liquid–Solid) Chromatography?

Van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, and hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the main motivation behind the concept of halal food?

To render thanks to Allah Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the halal food market?

It is a globally emerging market Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the halal food industry?

Food production Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of halal food production?

To render thanks to Allah Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration in halal food production?

Shariah principles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of halal certification?

Ensuring compliance with Shariah principles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of halal control points?

To verify compliance with Shariah principles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between halal and kosher food?

Halal food is based on Shariah principles, while kosher food is based on Jewish law Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of halal food?

It is produced according to Shariah principles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consideration in halal food production for meat and poultry?

The method of slaughter Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated value of the global halal industry?

USD2 trillion Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the global Muslim population resides in Asia?

69% Signup and view all the answers

What is the projected global Muslim population by 2060?

2.99 billion Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the world's largest Muslim population?

Indonesia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the increasing demand for halal food?

Growing Muslim population Signup and view all the answers

Which country is pushing for stronger halal certification regulations to grow its domestic halal industry?

Indonesia Signup and view all the answers

Which airline has asked Malaysia to help with their selection of halal food for their in-flight food and beverage services?

ANA Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated value of the global halal food market?

USD590 billion Signup and view all the answers

What is the growth rate of the global Muslim population?

1.8% Signup and view all the answers

What is the initiative implemented by China to expand its domestic halal industry?

One Belt One Road Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification of Chromatography

Chromatography can be classified into two types based on the mobile phase: Gas Chromatography (GC) and Liquid Chromatography (LC)
Gas Chromatography involves heating solid materials to 500-10000C to decompose them into gaseous products
Liquid Chromatography can be further classified into High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Classification based on Attractive Forces

Adsorption Chromatography is used for polar non-ionic compounds
Ion Exchange Chromatography is used for ionic compounds and involves anion or cation exchange
Partition Chromatography is based on the relative solubility of the analyte in the mobile and stationary phases
Size Exclusion Chromatography involves a porous matrix and is based on the size of the analyte
Detectors used in Chromatography include UV-vis, Refractive Index (RI), Mass Spectroscopy (MS), Electrochemical (EC), and NMR

Thin-Layer Chromatography

Sorbents used in TLC include silica gel, alumina, and cellulose
Mode of separation in TLC involves adsorption, partition, and ion exchange

Column Liquid Chromatography

Involves passing the mobile phase through a column to separate the solutes
Elution involves the process of passing the mobile phase through the column
The portion that emerges from the outlet end of the column is called the eluate or effluent
Separation of solutes in chromatography depends on two factors: difference in retention of solutes and sufficiently narrow width of solute peaks

Theory of Chromatography

Solute retention is directly related to the strength of the solute's interaction with the mobile and stationary phases
Capacity factor (k') is a universal measure of retention, independent of column length and flow rate
k' is directly related to the strength of the interaction between a solute and the stationary and mobile phases
k' values can be used to predict the separation of solutes: when k' is 1.0, separation is poor; when k' is > 30, separation is slow; when k' is 2-10, separation is optimum

Efficiency

Efficiency is related experimentally to a solute's peak width
Narrow peaks indicate an efficient system
Peak width can be estimated from the peak width at baseline (Wb) and peak width at half height (Wh)

High α values

Indicate good separating power and a good separation between the apex of each peak
Do not consider the effect of column efficiency or peak widths, only retention

Physicochemical Principles of Chromatographic Separation

Adsorption (Liquid-Solid) Chromatography
Partition (Liquid-Liquid) Chromatography
Ion-Exchange Chromatography
Size-Exclusion Chromatography
Affinity Chromatography

Principles ofBioselective Affinity Chromatography

The support presents the immobilized ligand to the analyte
The analyte makes contact with the ligand and attaches itself
The analyte is recovered by the introduction of an eluent, which dissociates the complex holding the analyte to the ligand
The support is regenerated, ready for the next isolation

Zone Broadening

Longitudinal Diffusion
The higher the μ, the smaller the H
Column efficiency is affected by diffusion

Chromatographic Resolution

Rs = 2 ΔZ / (WA + WB)
Rs = ΔZ / (WA / 2 + WB / 2)

Quantitative Analysis

Peak areas and peak heights can be used for quantitative analysis
Calibration and standards are necessary for accurate analysis
Internal Standard method can be used for quantitative analysis

Gas Chromatography

Partitioning must occur between the stationary phase and the mobile phase interactions with the molecules being separated
Advantages: only needs 1 µL to analyze a sample mixture, can analyze any compound that can be vaporized, cheapest, fastest, and easiest method for separation, identification, and analysis of volatile compounds
Disadvantage: destructive technique – once analyzed by GC, the sample is “lost”

Stationary Phase in GC

Adsorbent inside the column
Solid Support: Steel, Copper, or Glass tubing
Adsorbent: high-boiling hydrocarbons, waxes, silicone oils, polymeric esters, etc.

Halal Food Industry

The global halal industry (food and non-food) is estimated at USD 2 trillion, while the food industry alone is estimated at USD 590 billion annually.
The global Muslim population is approximately 1.8 billion, with a growing rate of 1.8% per annum.
The geographical distribution of Muslims is as follows: 69% in Asia, 27% in Africa, 3% in Europe, 0.6% in America, and 0.4% in Oceania.

Halal Food Market

The halal food market is a globally emerging market.
Islam is the world's second-largest religion and is also the fastest-growing religion globally.
There are over 7 million Muslims living in the US, and the Muslim population worldwide is approximately 1.3 billion.
The Muslim population in the US is estimated to reach 12.2 million in 2018, and globally, it is projected to be 2.99 billion by 2060.
Many consumers are looking for halal-certified food products, leading manufacturers to seek halal certification.
The halal industry has expanded across many markets and regions outside of the Middle East, particularly in Asia.
Countries such as China and Indonesia are taking steps to improve the halal industry, with China aiming to increase trade with Organisation of Islamic Cooperation countries through its 'One Belt One Road' initiative, and Indonesia pushing for stronger halal certification regulations.
Even non-Muslim countries are focusing on halal products, such as Japan Airlines seeking help from Malaysia for halal food selection for their in-flight services.
The growing Muslim population has led to a high demand for halal products, driving the growth of the halal industry.

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Description

This quiz covers the classification of planar chromatography and gas chromatography based on the mobile phase, including pyrolysis GC and the requirements for sample volatility.