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What is the primary reason for heating solid materials to 500-10000C in Pyrolysis GC?
What is the primary reason for heating solid materials to 500-10000C in Pyrolysis GC?
What type of chromatography is classified based on the attractive forces between the analyte and the stationary phase?
What type of chromatography is classified based on the attractive forces between the analyte and the stationary phase?
What type of detector is commonly used in conjunction with UV-vis detection to monitor enzyme activity?
What type of detector is commonly used in conjunction with UV-vis detection to monitor enzyme activity?
What is the term for the process of passing the mobile phase through the column in column liquid chromatography?
What is the term for the process of passing the mobile phase through the column in column liquid chromatography?
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What is the primary requirement for a sample to be analyzed by gas chromatography?
What is the primary requirement for a sample to be analyzed by gas chromatography?
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What type of chromatography is classified based on the mobile phase?
What type of chromatography is classified based on the mobile phase?
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What is the term for the portion of the mobile phase that emerges from the outlet end of the column in column liquid chromatography?
What is the term for the portion of the mobile phase that emerges from the outlet end of the column in column liquid chromatography?
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What type of chromatography is commonly used for the separation of polar non-ionic compounds?
What type of chromatography is commonly used for the separation of polar non-ionic compounds?
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What are the two main factors that determine the separation of solutes in chromatography?
What are the two main factors that determine the separation of solutes in chromatography?
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What is the term for the volume of the mobile phase that it takes to elute a peak off of the column?
What is the term for the volume of the mobile phase that it takes to elute a peak off of the column?
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What is the capacity factor (k') of a solute in chromatography?
What is the capacity factor (k') of a solute in chromatography?
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What is the relationship between the capacity factor (k') and the retention time of a solute?
What is the relationship between the capacity factor (k') and the retention time of a solute?
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What is the advantage of using the capacity factor (k') in chromatography?
What is the advantage of using the capacity factor (k') in chromatography?
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What is the term for the amount of mobile phase that it takes to elute a non-retained component?
What is the term for the amount of mobile phase that it takes to elute a non-retained component?
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What is the effect of increasing the flow rate of the mobile phase on the retention time of a solute?
What is the effect of increasing the flow rate of the mobile phase on the retention time of a solute?
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What is the relationship between the retention time of a solute and the strength of its interaction with the stationary and mobile phases?
What is the relationship between the retention time of a solute and the strength of its interaction with the stationary and mobile phases?
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What does the ratio of moles A stationary phase to moles A mobile phase represent at equilibrium?
What does the ratio of moles A stationary phase to moles A mobile phase represent at equilibrium?
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What is the effect on separation when k' is equal to 1.0?
What is the effect on separation when k' is equal to 1.0?
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What is the range of k' values that result in optimum separation?
What is the range of k' values that result in optimum separation?
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What is the relationship between efficiency and peak width?
What is the relationship between efficiency and peak width?
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What is the formula to estimate σ from peak widths, assuming a Gaussian shaped peak?
What is the formula to estimate σ from peak widths, assuming a Gaussian shaped peak?
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What is the definition of Wh in the context of chromatography?
What is the definition of Wh in the context of chromatography?
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What is the effect of increasing the amount of time a solute spends in the column on the efficiency of the chromatographic system?
What is the effect of increasing the amount of time a solute spends in the column on the efficiency of the chromatographic system?
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What is the relationship between peak width and the difference in interactions required to separate two solutes?
What is the relationship between peak width and the difference in interactions required to separate two solutes?
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What is the effect of a higher μ on the H in a column?
What is the effect of a higher μ on the H in a column?
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What is the main difference between longitudinal diffusion in LC and GC?
What is the main difference between longitudinal diffusion in LC and GC?
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What is the formula for chromatographic resolution?
What is the formula for chromatographic resolution?
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What is the primary advantage of GC over other chromatographic techniques?
What is the primary advantage of GC over other chromatographic techniques?
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What is the role of the solid support in GC?
What is the role of the solid support in GC?
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What determines the maximum limit to how hot the column can be heated in GC?
What determines the maximum limit to how hot the column can be heated in GC?
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What is the primary disadvantage of GC?
What is the primary disadvantage of GC?
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What is the purpose of the column oven in GC?
What is the purpose of the column oven in GC?
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What does a high α value indicate in chromatography?
What does a high α value indicate in chromatography?
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What is the main principle of Adsorption (Liquid–Solid) Chromatography?
What is the main principle of Adsorption (Liquid–Solid) Chromatography?
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What is the relationship between Kav and log (molecular weight) for globular proteins chromatographed on a column of Sephadex G-150 Superfine?
What is the relationship between Kav and log (molecular weight) for globular proteins chromatographed on a column of Sephadex G-150 Superfine?
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What is the primary mechanism of Ion-Exchange Chromatography?
What is the primary mechanism of Ion-Exchange Chromatography?
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What is the function of the eluent in bioselective affinity chromatography?
What is the function of the eluent in bioselective affinity chromatography?
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What is the primary mechanism of Size-Exclusion Chromatography?
What is the primary mechanism of Size-Exclusion Chromatography?
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What is the role of the support in bioselective affinity chromatography?
What is the role of the support in bioselective affinity chromatography?
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What type of forces are involved in Adsorption (Liquid–Solid) Chromatography?
What type of forces are involved in Adsorption (Liquid–Solid) Chromatography?
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What is the main motivation behind the concept of halal food?
What is the main motivation behind the concept of halal food?
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What is the primary characteristic of the halal food market?
What is the primary characteristic of the halal food market?
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What is the main component of the halal food industry?
What is the main component of the halal food industry?
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What is the ultimate goal of halal food production?
What is the ultimate goal of halal food production?
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What is the primary consideration in halal food production?
What is the primary consideration in halal food production?
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What is the main benefit of halal certification?
What is the main benefit of halal certification?
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What is the primary purpose of halal control points?
What is the primary purpose of halal control points?
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What is the main difference between halal and kosher food?
What is the main difference between halal and kosher food?
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What is the primary advantage of halal food?
What is the primary advantage of halal food?
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What is the main consideration in halal food production for meat and poultry?
What is the main consideration in halal food production for meat and poultry?
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What is the estimated value of the global halal industry?
What is the estimated value of the global halal industry?
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What percentage of the global Muslim population resides in Asia?
What percentage of the global Muslim population resides in Asia?
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What is the projected global Muslim population by 2060?
What is the projected global Muslim population by 2060?
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Which country has the world's largest Muslim population?
Which country has the world's largest Muslim population?
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What is the main reason for the increasing demand for halal food?
What is the main reason for the increasing demand for halal food?
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Which country is pushing for stronger halal certification regulations to grow its domestic halal industry?
Which country is pushing for stronger halal certification regulations to grow its domestic halal industry?
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Which airline has asked Malaysia to help with their selection of halal food for their in-flight food and beverage services?
Which airline has asked Malaysia to help with their selection of halal food for their in-flight food and beverage services?
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What is the estimated value of the global halal food market?
What is the estimated value of the global halal food market?
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What is the growth rate of the global Muslim population?
What is the growth rate of the global Muslim population?
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What is the initiative implemented by China to expand its domestic halal industry?
What is the initiative implemented by China to expand its domestic halal industry?
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Study Notes
Classification of Chromatography
- Chromatography can be classified into two types based on the mobile phase: Gas Chromatography (GC) and Liquid Chromatography (LC)
- Gas Chromatography involves heating solid materials to 500-10000C to decompose them into gaseous products
- Liquid Chromatography can be further classified into High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Classification based on Attractive Forces
- Adsorption Chromatography is used for polar non-ionic compounds
- Ion Exchange Chromatography is used for ionic compounds and involves anion or cation exchange
- Partition Chromatography is based on the relative solubility of the analyte in the mobile and stationary phases
- Size Exclusion Chromatography involves a porous matrix and is based on the size of the analyte
- Detectors used in Chromatography include UV-vis, Refractive Index (RI), Mass Spectroscopy (MS), Electrochemical (EC), and NMR
Thin-Layer Chromatography
- Sorbents used in TLC include silica gel, alumina, and cellulose
- Mode of separation in TLC involves adsorption, partition, and ion exchange
Column Liquid Chromatography
- Involves passing the mobile phase through a column to separate the solutes
- Elution involves the process of passing the mobile phase through the column
- The portion that emerges from the outlet end of the column is called the eluate or effluent
- Separation of solutes in chromatography depends on two factors: difference in retention of solutes and sufficiently narrow width of solute peaks
Theory of Chromatography
- Solute retention is directly related to the strength of the solute's interaction with the mobile and stationary phases
- Capacity factor (k') is a universal measure of retention, independent of column length and flow rate
- k' is directly related to the strength of the interaction between a solute and the stationary and mobile phases
- k' values can be used to predict the separation of solutes: when k' is 1.0, separation is poor; when k' is > 30, separation is slow; when k' is 2-10, separation is optimum
Efficiency
- Efficiency is related experimentally to a solute's peak width
- Narrow peaks indicate an efficient system
- Peak width can be estimated from the peak width at baseline (Wb) and peak width at half height (Wh)
High α values
- Indicate good separating power and a good separation between the apex of each peak
- Do not consider the effect of column efficiency or peak widths, only retention
Physicochemical Principles of Chromatographic Separation
- Adsorption (Liquid-Solid) Chromatography
- Partition (Liquid-Liquid) Chromatography
- Ion-Exchange Chromatography
- Size-Exclusion Chromatography
- Affinity Chromatography
Principles ofBioselective Affinity Chromatography
- The support presents the immobilized ligand to the analyte
- The analyte makes contact with the ligand and attaches itself
- The analyte is recovered by the introduction of an eluent, which dissociates the complex holding the analyte to the ligand
- The support is regenerated, ready for the next isolation
Zone Broadening
- Longitudinal Diffusion
- The higher the μ, the smaller the H
- Column efficiency is affected by diffusion
Chromatographic Resolution
- Rs = 2 ΔZ / (WA + WB)
- Rs = ΔZ / (WA / 2 + WB / 2)
Quantitative Analysis
- Peak areas and peak heights can be used for quantitative analysis
- Calibration and standards are necessary for accurate analysis
- Internal Standard method can be used for quantitative analysis
Gas Chromatography
- Partitioning must occur between the stationary phase and the mobile phase interactions with the molecules being separated
- Advantages: only needs 1 µL to analyze a sample mixture, can analyze any compound that can be vaporized, cheapest, fastest, and easiest method for separation, identification, and analysis of volatile compounds
- Disadvantage: destructive technique – once analyzed by GC, the sample is “lost”
Stationary Phase in GC
- Adsorbent inside the column
- Solid Support: Steel, Copper, or Glass tubing
- Adsorbent: high-boiling hydrocarbons, waxes, silicone oils, polymeric esters, etc.
Halal Food Industry
- The global halal industry (food and non-food) is estimated at USD 2 trillion, while the food industry alone is estimated at USD 590 billion annually.
- The global Muslim population is approximately 1.8 billion, with a growing rate of 1.8% per annum.
- The geographical distribution of Muslims is as follows: 69% in Asia, 27% in Africa, 3% in Europe, 0.6% in America, and 0.4% in Oceania.
Halal Food Market
- The halal food market is a globally emerging market.
- Islam is the world's second-largest religion and is also the fastest-growing religion globally.
- There are over 7 million Muslims living in the US, and the Muslim population worldwide is approximately 1.3 billion.
- The Muslim population in the US is estimated to reach 12.2 million in 2018, and globally, it is projected to be 2.99 billion by 2060.
- Many consumers are looking for halal-certified food products, leading manufacturers to seek halal certification.
- The halal industry has expanded across many markets and regions outside of the Middle East, particularly in Asia.
- Countries such as China and Indonesia are taking steps to improve the halal industry, with China aiming to increase trade with Organisation of Islamic Cooperation countries through its 'One Belt One Road' initiative, and Indonesia pushing for stronger halal certification regulations.
- Even non-Muslim countries are focusing on halal products, such as Japan Airlines seeking help from Malaysia for halal food selection for their in-flight services.
- The growing Muslim population has led to a high demand for halal products, driving the growth of the halal industry.
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Description
This quiz covers the classification of planar chromatography and gas chromatography based on the mobile phase, including pyrolysis GC and the requirements for sample volatility.
