Podcast
Questions and Answers
What role do similarities in embryonic development play in cladograms?
What role do similarities in embryonic development play in cladograms?
- They indicate shared ancestry during early development. (correct)
- They support the classification of organisms by size.
- They identify environmental adaptations.
- They are used to determine genetic sequences.
How is genetic evidence utilized when constructing cladograms?
How is genetic evidence utilized when constructing cladograms?
- Genetic mutations are used to classify organisms into different phyla.
- Organisms with similar DNA sequences are placed closer together. (correct)
- Organisms with the most diverse DNA sequences are grouped together.
- DNA differences are ignored in classification.
Which step is NOT part of constructing a cladogram?
Which step is NOT part of constructing a cladogram?
- Determine the common ancestor of organisms in a clade.
- Draw the cladogram with nodes for common ancestors.
- Identify the traits of interest.
- Group organisms based on habitat. (correct)
Why do genetic differences accumulate over time?
Why do genetic differences accumulate over time?
What do nodes in a cladogram represent?
What do nodes in a cladogram represent?
What type of evidence is used to classify organisms based on their physical characteristics?
What type of evidence is used to classify organisms based on their physical characteristics?
Which type of structure is an example of a vestigial feature?
Which type of structure is an example of a vestigial feature?
Which feature distinguishes homologous structures from analogous structures?
Which feature distinguishes homologous structures from analogous structures?
What is the main purpose of a cladogram in biological classification?
What is the main purpose of a cladogram in biological classification?
What kind of evidence involves the comparison of embryonic development among species?
What kind of evidence involves the comparison of embryonic development among species?
What role do analogical structures play in evolutionary biology?
What role do analogical structures play in evolutionary biology?
What do similarities in vertebrate embryos, such as gill slits, suggest?
What do similarities in vertebrate embryos, such as gill slits, suggest?
Which of the following pairs of structures would be classified as homologous?
Which of the following pairs of structures would be classified as homologous?
Flashcards
Phylogeny
Phylogeny
The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Cladogram
Cladogram
A branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms based on shared characteristics.
Shared Derived Characteristic
Shared Derived Characteristic
A characteristic that evolved in a group and is passed down to its descendants, used to group organisms in clades.
Developmental Evidence in Cladograms
Developmental Evidence in Cladograms
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Genetic Evidence in Cladograms
Genetic Evidence in Cladograms
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Structural Evidence in Classification
Structural Evidence in Classification
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Homologous Structures
Homologous Structures
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Analogous Structures
Analogous Structures
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Vestigial Structures
Vestigial Structures
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Developmental Evidence
Developmental Evidence
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Embryology
Embryology
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Genetic Evidence
Genetic Evidence
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Study Notes
Classifying Organisms
- Classifying organisms and understanding evolutionary relationships is crucial for understanding the diversity of life
- Scientists use evidence like structural, developmental and genetic characteristics to classify
- Cladograms are branching diagrams showing relationships based on shared characteristics
Structural Evidence
- Structural evidence looks at physical characteristics like bones, organs, body parts and features
- Homologous Structures: Similar structures in different species indicating a common ancestor, despite possibly serving different functions (e.g., human arm, bat wing)
- Analogous Structures: Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins (e.g., bird wing, insect wing)
- Vestigial Structures: Remnants of structures with a previous function in an ancestor
Developmental Evidence
- Developmental evidence studies the embryonic development of organisms
- Comparing early developmental stages in different species reveals similarities, which suggests common ancestry
- Embryology: Many species exhibit similar patterns during early development (e.g., vertebrate embryos showing gill slits)
Genetic Evidence
- Genetic evidence compares DNA sequences in different organisms
- More similar DNA sequences indicate closer evolutionary relationships (e.g., humans and chimpanzees share about 98% of their DNA)
- Genetic differences accumulate over time
How Cladograms Use Evidence
- Cladograms are constructed by analyzing evidence to determine evolutionary relationships among organisms
- Shared derived characteristics (traits evolved in a group and passed down) are used to determine relationship
- Steps in Constructing a Cladogram:
- Identify important structural, developmental, or genetic characteristics
- Group organisms with shared traits in the same clade
- Trace back to the common ancestor for each clade
- Draw the cladogram, with organisms placed on branches and nodes representing common ancestors
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