Questions and Answers
What was discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius?
Which scientist calculated the mass of the electron?
What does analytical chemistry primarily focus on?
Which of the following particles has no charge?
Signup and view all the answers
Which state of matter has a definite shape and volume?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of biochemistry?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Coulomb's relation to electrical charge?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Dalton's Atomic Theory, which statement is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a pure substance composed of more than one type of atom called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which concept relates to the quantized orbits of electrons?
Signup and view all the answers
How is organic chemistry defined?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a branch of chemistry?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Law of Definite Proportion state?
Signup and view all the answers
In terms of composition, which category includes mixtures that have a uniform composition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Matter and Its Classifications
- Matter is anything with mass that occupies space, including living and non-living entities.
- Energy forms such as heat, light, and electricity are not classified as matter.
Physical States of Matter
- Solid: Fixed shape and volume; incompressible.
- Liquid: Defined volume independent of the container; minimally compressible.
- Gas: No fixed shape or volume; easily compressible.
- Plasma: Ionized superheated gas.
- Bose-Einstein Condensates: Supercooled particles at temperatures near absolute zero.
Composition of Matter
- Elements: Composed of only one type of atom.
- Compounds: Comprise more than one type of atom; consistent composition; can be decomposed into elements chemically.
- Mixtures: Variable composition, containing different types of atoms/molecules.
- Solution: Composed of a solute (lesser quantity) and a solvent (greater quantity).
- Pure Substances: Consist of all elements or compounds with fixed composition, excluding mixtures.
Types of Mixtures
- Homogenous Mixtures: Uniform composition.
- Heterogeneous Mixtures: Composition varies, displaying different physical properties.
Fundamental Laws of Chemistry
- Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is conserved in chemical reactions (Antoine Lavoisier).
- Law of Definite Proportion: A specific compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass (Joseph Proust).
Dalton's Atomic Theory
- Matter is made up of atoms, which are indivisible.
- Atoms of the same element are identical; atoms of different elements differ in size and mass.
- Atoms combine in whole-number ratios to form compounds and can be rearranged in chemical reactions.
Contributions of Notable Scientists
- Jons Jacob Berzelius: Discovered elements cerium, selenium, silicon, and thorium; developed modern elemental symbols.
- J.J. Thomson: Discovered the electron in 1897; provided charge-to-mass ratio (-1.76 x 10^8 C/g).
- Robert Andrews Millikan: Measured the electron's mass (9.11 x 10^-31 kg).
- Niels Bohr: Identified quantized orbits for electrons, linking energy levels to their distance from the nucleus.
- Erwin Schrödinger: Proposed a wave nature for electrons, predicting their location in orbital spaces.
Subatomic Particles
- Protons: Positive charge (+1); located in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: No charge (0); mass similar to protons; located in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negative charge (-1); found outside the nucleus.
Atomic Structure Overview
- Atomic number equals the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom.
- The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, with electrons in quantized orbits surrounding it.
Branches of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry: Studies materials without carbon.
- Organic Chemistry: Focuses on carbon-containing compounds.
- Biochemistry: Examines chemical processes in living organisms.
- Analytical Chemistry: Involves qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances.
- Physical Chemistry: Investigates the interaction between matter and energy.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the different classifications of matter based on physical states including solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Understand the properties that define each state and how they differ from one another. This quiz will test your knowledge on the characteristics of various forms of matter.
