38 Questions
What is the primary function of acute pain according to the withdrawal reflex?
To serve as an important protective mechanism
What is the key distinction between nociception and pain?
Nociception is an unconscious activity, while pain is a conscious experience
What type of pain is often refractory to common analgesic agents?
Pathologic pain
What is the term for pain that serves as an important protective mechanism?
Good pain
What is the primary cause of neuropathic pain?
Nerve injury
According to the IASP definition, what is the primary characteristic of pain?
It is an emotional experience associated with tissue damage
What is the term for pain that persists long after recovery from an injury?
Chronic pain
What is the primary characteristic of hyperalgesia?
An exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus
What is the primary mechanism by which bradykinin contributes to inflammatory pain?
By increasing the synthesis and release of prostaglandins
What is the role of prostaglandin E2 in pain sensation?
It produces hyperalgesia
What is the primary mechanism by which injured tissues release chemicals that contribute to inflammatory pain?
Through the release of chemicals from damaged cells
What is the significance of histamine in the context of pain sensation?
It is a stimulator of nociceptors
What is the primary characteristic of allodynia?
A sensation of pain in response to a normally innocuous stimulus
What is the primary mechanism by which serotonin contributes to inflammatory pain?
By activating or sensitizing nociceptors
Why do aspirin and other NSAIDs alleviate pain?
By inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which sensitize nociceptors
What is the main difference between superficial and deep or visceral pain?
The nature of the pain evoked by noxious stimuli
Why is deep pain often poorly localized?
Due to the relative deficiency of As nerve fibers in deep structures
What is the result of muscle spasms caused by injuries to bones, tendons, and joints?
Stimulation of pain receptors in the muscle
Where are the cell bodies of visceral afferent fibers located?
In the dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia
Which of the following nerves carries visceral afferent fibers?
Facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves
What is the characteristic of visceral pain receptors?
They are highly sensitive to distention of visceral organs
Which nerve is responsible for relaying touch and proprioception from the head?
Trigeminal nerve
What is the characteristic clinical picture caused by a functional hemisection of the spinal cord?
Brown-Sequard syndrome
Which tract is responsible for transmitting discriminative touch, vibration, and proprioception below the level of the lesion?
Fasciculus gracilis or facilis cuneatus
What is the effect of damage to the spinothalamic tract?
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
What is the result of damage to the corticospinal tract?
Weakness and spasticity on the same side of the body
What is often necessary after spinal trauma?
Spinal or vertebral stabilization
What can cause a Brown-Sequard syndrome?
All of the above
What is the primary mechanism by which corticosteroids decrease inflammation in brown-sequard syndrome?
By suppressing polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversing capillary permeability
What is the role of the amygdala in stress-induced analgesia?
It is involved in mediating the motivational affective responses to pain
What is the likely source of norepinephrine release in stress-induced analgesia?
Brainstem catecholaminergic neurons
What is the primary goal of physical therapy in treating brown-sequard syndrome?
To maintain strength and joint mobility and improve respiratory function
What is the term for the phenomenon where soldiers wounded in battle feel no pain until after the battle is over?
Stress-induced analgesia
What is the likely role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide in stress-induced analgesia?
They are released in response to stress and decrease pain sensitivity
What is the primary benefit of administering corticosteroids soon after the onset of a spinal cord injury?
They reduce pain and inflammation
What is the likely outcome of inadequate physical therapy in treating brown-sequard syndrome?
Decreased strength and joint mobility
What is the primary mechanism by which corticosteroids reduce pain in brown-sequard syndrome?
By suppressing polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversing capillary permeability
What is the likely outcome of untreated stress-induced analgesia?
Decreased pain sensitivity
Understand the definition and classification of pain as defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain. Learn about the difference between pain and nociception, and how pain can be categorized as physiologic or acute.
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