Classification of Microorganisms Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What does taxonomy study?

  • Evolutionary relationships
  • Ecological niches
  • Principles of scientific classification (correct)
  • Characteristics of organisms
  • What are taxa?

    Groups of organisms based on evolutionary relatedness

    What is systematics (phylogeny)?

    A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

    What is Eukarya?

    <p>Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bacteria?

    <p>Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Archaea?

    <p>Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three domains of life?

    <p>Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major groups of Archaea?

    <p>Methanogens, extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a molecular clock?

    <p>Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genus?

    <p>Taxonomic group containing one or more species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a specific epithet?

    <p>The second part of a scientific name, always underlined or italicized but not capitalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is binomial nomenclature?

    <p>A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an eukaryotic species?

    <p>A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a family in biological classification?

    <p>A taxonomic group containing one or more genera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an order in taxonomy?

    <p>Taxonomic group containing one or more families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a class in biological classification?

    <p>A taxonomic group comprised of organisms that share a common attribute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phylum in taxonomy?

    <p>The major taxonomic group of animals and plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a kingdom in biological classification?

    <p>A taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a domain?

    <p>Highest level of classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prokaryotic species?

    <p>Population of unicellular cells with similar characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clone?

    <p>A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strain in biological classification?

    <p>Groups within a prokaryotic species that are not identical in all ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is protista?

    <p>Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are clades?

    <p>Evolutionary branches that consist of an ancestor and all its descendants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Fungi?

    <p>A kingdom of complex organisms that obtain food by breaking down other substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Plantae refer to?

    <p>A kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that are usually green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Animalia?

    <p>A kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that lack cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a viral species?

    <p>Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are rapid identification methods?

    <p>Identification tools for medically significant bacteria, such as Enterotube II and API</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is numerical identification?

    <p>Numerical values associated with rapid identification methods for microorganism identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serology?

    <p>The study of blood serum and antibody-antigen interactions in vitro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antiserum?

    <p>Blood serum that contains specific antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a slide agglutination test?

    <p>A rapid screening or semiquantitative test in which antibody and antigen are mixed on a glass slide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serological testing?

    <p>Testing of body fluids to analyze a reaction between an antigen and antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are serotypes?

    <p>Antigenic variants of a pathogen that are identified by a single typing serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are serovars?

    <p>Variations within a serotype that may have different characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Taxonomy and Classification

    • Taxonomy involves the study of scientific classification principles.
    • Taxa are groups of organisms classified based on evolutionary relationships.
    • Systematics, or phylogeny, focuses on classifying organisms and their evolutionary connections.

    Domains of Life

    • Three primary domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea.
    • Eukarya includes organisms with nuclei: protists, plants, fungi, animals.
    • Bacteria consists of unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls.
    • Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes without peptidoglycan in their walls.

    Archaea Subgroups

    • Major groups of Archaea: methanogens, extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles.

    Taxonomic Hierarchy

    • The hierarchy consists of several categories: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
    • Genus groups one or more species; specific epithet is the second part of a scientific name, italicized and not capitalized.
    • Binomial nomenclature uses two words for scientific names: genus followed by species.

    Prokaryotic Characteristics

    • Prokaryotic species are populations of similar unicellular organisms.
    • Clones are genetically identical cells from a single original cell.
    • Strains within prokaryotic species exhibit variations in characteristics.

    Eukaryotic Kingdoms

    • Protista is a kingdom of eukaryotes not classified as plants, animals, or fungi.
    • Fungi obtain nutrients by decomposing organic material.
    • Plantae are multicellular, green organisms using sunlight for photosynthesis, characterized by cellulose-based cell walls.
    • Animalia consists of complex, multicellular organisms that lack cell walls and respond quickly to their environment.

    Viruses and Identification Techniques

    • Viral species are populations of viruses with similar traits in a specific ecological niche.
    • Rapid identification methods, like Enterotube II and API, allow simultaneous biochemical tests for significant bacteria.
    • Numerical identification assigns values to aid microorganism identification.

    Serological Methods

    • Serology studies blood serum and antibody-antigen interactions.
    • Antiserum contains antibodies for specific pathogens.
    • Slide agglutination tests mix antibodies with antigens on slides to observe agglutination.
    • Serological testing analyzes antigen-antibody reactions in body fluids.
    • Serotypes are antigenic variants identified by a singular typing serum.

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    Test your knowledge on the taxonomy and systematics of microorganisms with these flashcards. Learn key terms and their definitions related to the classification of organisms, including domains and evolutionary relationships.

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