Classification of Dyes in Textile

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Questions and Answers

Which type of dye is known for offering bright, full shades and is commonly used in printing?

Disperse dyes

Acid dyes

Direct dyes

Basic dyes (correct)

Which dyes are used for coloring polyester, polyamide, and acrylic fibers?

Vat dyes

Reactive dyes

Disperse dyes (correct)

Sulphur dyes

Which type of dye is developed by forming a chemical bond with the fiber?

Acid dyes

Basic dyes

Direct dyes

Reactive dyes (correct)

Which dyes are mostly used in dyeing wool and nylon?

Acid dyes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dye can achieve satisfactory fastness without a mordant?

Direct dyes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dye produces colors that are not fast to washing, light, and rubbing?

Basic dyes Signup and view all the answers

Which dyes were originally developed for dyeing cotton using vegetable indigo?

Vat dyes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dye is used for cotton and viscose rayon, with colors that are extremely fast but limited to dark shades?

Sulphur dyes Signup and view all the answers

Which dyeing method ensures excellent color fastness but limits the manufacturer's flexibility for final design choices?

Solution Dye Signup and view all the answers

Which dyeing method can produce a check or plaid fabric design?

Yarn Dye Signup and view all the answers

What type of design results directly from the process of making the fabric?

Structural Designs Signup and view all the answers

Which dyeing method involves continuously immersing fabric without strain?

Beck Dyeing Signup and view all the answers

Which dyeing method requires fabric to run through rollers to squeeze the dye deeper into the yarns?

Pad Dyeing Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dyeing involves mixing dyes to ensure fibers made from two or more different materials will dye the same color?

Union Dye Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of materials of decoration described in the text?

High fastness to light Signup and view all the answers

Which dyeing method is used when fabric is placed in a dye bath containing two or more dyes, each dyeing specific fibers?

Cross Dye Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fabrics require the use of a Jacquard loom to produce?

Damask Signup and view all the answers

What is the oldest method of printing designs on fabrics?

Block Printing Signup and view all the answers

Which applied design method uses acids to create patterns?

Burn-Out Printing Signup and view all the answers

Which printing method is known for being faster and relatively inexpensive for large quantities?

Roller Printing Signup and view all the answers

Which method of printing involves cutting the design on cardboard, wood, or metal?

Stencil Printing Signup and view all the answers

What method uses chemicals to remove color from fabrics to create a design?

Discharge Printing Signup and view all the answers

What type of printing creates designs on both the face and back of the fabric simultaneously?

Duplex Printing Signup and view all the answers

Which weave design includes extra yarns to create specific structures?

Lappet Signup and view all the answers

In resist printing, what method is used to prevent parts of the fabric from being dyed?

A resist paste is coated on both sides of the fabric Signup and view all the answers

Which printing method involves immersing the fabric in melted wax with a desired pattern?

Wax printing Signup and view all the answers

Which printing method uses rollers to perforate and pleat the material while printing?

Plisse printing Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves painting color directly onto the fabric using a brush?

Free-Hand Painting Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of warp printing?

Only warp yarns are printed before weaving Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following designs involves the use of heat, moisture, and steam to produce a raised effect?

Embossed Designs Signup and view all the answers

What makes rotary printing suitable for long runs?

It uses a cylindrical screen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of calfskin?

Softness and fine grain Signup and view all the answers

In transfer printing, what is placed into a heated press?

The transfer paper Signup and view all the answers

Which design technique uses tiny pieces of fiber that stick to fabric using adhesive?

Flocked Designs Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves using a resist paste on fabric?

Resist printing Signup and view all the answers

Which method refers to a fabric design that has a 'watered appearance'?

Moire Design Signup and view all the answers

What does full-grain leather possess?

The genuine original grain of the hide Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal advantage of rotary printing?

It is suitable for lengthy production runs Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves stitching one piece of fabric to a larger piece of material?

Applique Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is categorized as hide from a fully grown cow?

Cattle Hide Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric is characterized by its ringed or curled appearance formed by drawn-out loop yarns?

Boucle Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric has a stiff finish and is typically used for interlinings in garments?

Buckram Signup and view all the answers

Which material is a twill weave cotton denim fabric that is durable and heavy?

Bull Denim Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary raw material used in the tanning solution made with tree bark?

Oak bark Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tanning produces a hide that is supple and accepts dyes to a limited extent?

Combination tanning Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric was originally a silk shirting fabric known for its tightly woven plain weave?

Broadcloth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically part of the leather finishing process?

Tanning Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric is characterized by a dull, nubbed surface effect due to interspersed nubs?

Bourette Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric is a rich Jacquard woven with an all-over design of raised figures and low relief?

Brocade Signup and view all the answers

What property do aniline dyes provide to upholstery leathers?

Translucent dyeing Signup and view all the answers

Which dye contains some pigments and ensures uniformity in color?

Semi-Aniline dyes Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric is known for being heavyweight, warm, strong, and absorbent?

Canton Flannel Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric type commonly features a plain, closely woven, inexpensive cloth with an all-over print?

Calico Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric is praised for its silk-like appearance and durability, used in clothes, towels, and beddings?

Bamboo fabric Signup and view all the answers

What is a bandanna typically made from?

Cotton Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric has a soft and loosely twisted filling yarn that is later brushed to produce a nap?

Canton Flannel Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric is a plain weave coarse fabric usually made from jute or hemp?

Burlap Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fabric originally served as a mourning cloth and has a pebbly appearance?

Barathea Signup and view all the answers

Which of these fabrics is popular for upholstery due to its high strength and durability?

Bedford cord Signup and view all the answers

Which fabric originated in Bengal, India, and is used for dresses and draperies?

Bengaline Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leather is known for maintaining the original grain, fiber strength, and durability?

Full-grain leather Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leather involves the removal of the surface pattern by abrasion?

Top-grain leather Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of patent leather?

It has a lacquer coating for glossiness. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leather is also known as stingray skin leather?

Shagreen Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to preserve the hide and make the leather strong and supple?

Tanning Signup and view all the answers

Which tanning method uses chromium salts?

Mineral tanning Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leather is made from the fibrous part of the hide left after separating the top grain?

Split leathers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leather is noted for being particularly soft and is made from the skin of unborn calves?

Slink Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a moth-resistant finish?

To make fabrics resistant to attack by moths and carpet beetles Signup and view all the answers

What does the napping process achieve?

Raises the fiber ends to create surface fuzziness Signup and view all the answers

What mark indicates that a fabric has a mechanical shrink-resistant finish?

Sanforized Signup and view all the answers

What type of finish is commonly given to loosely constructed fabrics?

Slip-resistant finish Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is primarily used in soil- and stain-resistant finishes?

Silicone Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the 'Wash and Wear' finish?

Drip-dry finish Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of water-repellent fabrics?

They allow passage of air, water vapor, and perspiration Signup and view all the answers

What does a waterproof finish do to a fabric?

Totally coats the fabric, making it shed water under all pressures Signup and view all the answers

Which finish is often used on rug and upholstery fabrics to repel soil and stains?

Soil- and stain-resistant finish Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the application of dyes to fabrics?

To provide color Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to corduroy fabric?

Wales run in the warp direction Signup and view all the answers

What makes crepe fabric distinct?

Produced by hard twist yarns, chemical treatment, weave, or embossing Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of crinoline fabric?

Stiffened fabric with a low yarn count Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of crushed velvet?

Irregular pattern of nap going in different directions Signup and view all the answers

Where did damask fabric first originate in the Western world?

Damascus Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of duck fabric according to the textile industry?

Most durable fabric made, closely woven and heavy Signup and view all the answers

What is felt typically made from?

Wool or fur, often mixed with natural or synthetic fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the name 'dotted Swiss' fabric?

Saint Galen, Switzerland Signup and view all the answers

How is 'faille' fabric best described?

Fabric with a crosswise rib effect that is soft and belongs to the grosgrain family Signup and view all the answers

What kind of embroidery is typical of crewels?

Chain stitch embroidery made with fine, loosely twisted Kashmir yarn Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Materials of Decoration

Classification of Dyes

Acid Dyes: oldest synthetic dyes, used for dyeing wool, nylon, silk, and regenerated rayon, not fast to washing, light, and rubbing
Basic Dyes: simplest and cheapest synthetic dyes, used for dyeing cotton, linen, and viscose rayon, not fast to washing, light, and rubbing
Direct Dyes: achieve satisfactory fastness without a mordant, used for bright, attractive shades
Disperse Dyes: used for coloring polyamide, polyester, and acrylic fibers, formerly called acetate dyes
Reactive Dyes: used for cotton, linen, and viscose rayon, produce fast shades, wash, light, and perspiration fastness
Vat Dyes: used for cotton dyeing, produce dark, fast shades
Sulphur Dyes: used for cotton and viscose rayon, produce fast, dark shades, but not fast to chlorine

Basic Methods of Dyeing Fabrics

Solution Dye: dyeing man-made fibers before filament formation, results in excellent color fastness
Fiber Dye (or Stock Dye): dyeing fibers before spinning into yarn
Yarn Dye: dyeing yarns before weaving into fabric
Piece Dye: dyeing fabric after fabrication, also known as dip-dyeing
Jig Dyeing: passing open fabric back and forth through a stationary dye bath
Winch, Reel or Beck Dyeing: continuously immersing fabric without strain
Pad Dyeing: running fabric through a dye bath and then between rollers
Cross Dye: dyeing fabric with two or more fibers, each fiber absorbing a different dye
Solid Dye: dyeing fabric with one fiber, one color
Union Dye: dyeing fabric with two or more fibers, all fibers dye the same color

Fabric Design

Structural Designs: result from the process of making the fabric, created through yarn type and arrangement, weaves, knits, and variations
Applied Designs: added to the fabric after it's made, include printing, appliqué, free-hand painting, and more

Printing Methods

Block Printing: oldest method of printing designs on fabrics, using carved wooden or metal blocks
Stencil Printing: cutting designs on cardboard, wood, or metal, and applying color through the cut portions
Burn-Out Printing: using acids to burn out one of the fibers, leaving a lacy or shear design
Discharge or Extract Printing: removing color from the fabric to create a design
Roller Printing: using engraved rollers to imprint designs on fabric

Other Applied Designs

Duplex Printing: creating a design on both sides of the fabric, simulating a woven pattern
Resist Printing: applying a resist paste to both sides of the fabric, and then dyeing
Wax Printing: applying melted wax to the fabric, and then dyeing
Plisse Printing: creating a design by applying chemicals and heat to the fabric
Warp Printing: printing warp yarns before weaving into fabric

Leather

Processed animal skin, mostly cattle, expensive due to labor-intensive processing, high rejection rate, and cost of aniline dyes
Kinds of Hides: cattle hide, calfskin
Categories of Leather: full-grain leather, combination tanning, finishing

Textiles

Bamboo Fabric: made from bamboo pulp, sustainable, hypoallergenic, and durable
Bandanna: cotton fabric with a printed design
Barathea: rib weave fabric with a pebbly appearance
Bark Cloth: fabric made from or simulating tree bark
Batiste: fine, semi-sheer fabric, usually made of cotton or cotton blends
Bedford Cord: cord cotton-like fabric with raised ridges
Bengaline: sturdy warp-faced fabric with pronounced cross-wise ribs
Boned: two or more fabric layers held together with adhesive
Bouclé: fabric with a ring appearance, formed by drawn-out loop yarns
Bourette: twill weave fabric with a dull, nubbed surface effect
Broadcloth: tightly woven plain weave fabric with a crosswise rib
Brocade: rich, Jacquard woven fabric with an all-over interwoven design
Brocatelle: tightly woven jacquard fabric with a warp effect and a puffed appearance
Buckram: ply yarn scrim fabric with a stiff finish
Bull Denim: soft, durable denim fabric
Burlap or Gunny: plain weave coarse fabric, usually made from jute or hemp
Calico: plain, closely woven, inexpensive cloth with an all-over print
Cambric: soft, white, closely woven cotton fabric
Canton Flannel: twill fabric with a soft, brushed nap
Coated: fabrics coated with a substance to make them longer lasting or impervious to water
Corduroy: fabric with wales that run in the warp direction
Crepe: lightweight fabric with a crinkly surface
Crewels: chain stitch embroidery made with a fine, loosely twisted yarn
Crinkle: fabric with an uneven surface, created by use of caustic soda### Fabric Types
Crinoline: a lightweight, plain weave fabric with a low yarn count and stiffened texture.
Crushed: a fabric treated to have a permanently crinkled, crushed, or rumpled appearance.
Crushed Velvet: a velvet with an irregular pattern of nap going in different directions, giving a "crushed or rumpled" appearance.
Damask: a firm, glossy, Jacquard patterned fabric similar to brocade but flatter and reversible.
Denim: a rugged, serviceable, staple cotton cloth with a left-hand twill on the surface.
Dimity: a thin, sheer cloth with cords or stripes woven into the fabric, easy to manipulate and launder.
Dotted Swiss: a sheer fabric embellished with small dot motifs that may vary in color.
Duck: a closely woven, heavy material, and the most durable fabric made, usually made of cotton.
Faille: a ribbed cloth with a crosswise rib effect, soft and belonging to the grosgrain family.
Felt: a compact, matted woolen material made from wool or fur often mixed with natural or synthetic fibers.
Flame Stitch: a printed or woven fabric featuring a jagged, undulating, flame-like, multi-colored pattern.
Flannel: a medium-weight, plain or twill weave fabric that is typically made from cotton, a cotton blend, or wool, with a soft hand and brushed on both sides.
Flannelette: a type of fabric that is napped on one side or both sides, creating a soft fabric and providing warmth.

Materials of Decoration

Moth-Resistant Finish: a chemical finish for wool fabrics to make them resistant to attack by moths and carpet beetles.
Napping: a mechanical finish that raises the fiber ends to create a soft fabric and provides warmth.
Shrink-Resistant Finish (Mechanical Method): a finish that eliminates relaxation shrinkage by overfeeding a fabric onto a dyeing frame and applying stretch.
Slip-Resistant Finish: a finish that prevents the warp yarns from slipping along the filling yarns, giving permanent firmness to the fabric.
Soil- and Stain-Resistant Finish: a chemical finish that repels soil and stain, making fabrics water-repellent.
Wash and Wear or Minicare Finish: a finish that allows fabrics to dry smoothly and need little or no ironing after washing.
Water-Repellent Finish: a chemical finish that makes a fabric resistant to wetting but not waterproof, allowing passage of air, water vapor, and perspiration.
Waterproof Finish: a chemical finish that totally coats the fabric, making it resistant to water under all pressures.

Dyes and Dyeing

Fabrics are available in a variety of colors and designs, with color being one of the most important aspects in fabrics.

Materials of Decoration

Types of Hides:
- Full-grain leather: the original grain remains, allowing the fiber strength and durability.
- Top-grain leather: the surface pattern is removed by abrasion, making it thinner and more pliable.
- Corrected-grain leather: an artificial grain is impressed into the surface.
- Split leathers: the fibrous part of the hide that is left, often finished as suede.
Other Kinds of Leather:
- Buckskin or brained leather: a supple, suede-like hide, often smoked to prevent it from rotting.
- Patent Leather: coated with lacquer on the final finishing process to give it its characteristic glossiness.
- Shagreen: also known as stingray skin leather, used in furniture production.
- Slink: leather from the skin of unborn calves, particularly soft and highly valued.
The following are not "true" leathers, but they contain leather material:
- Bonded leather: composed of 90% to 100% leather fibers, bonded together with latex binders.
- Bycast Leather: a split leather with a layer of polyurethane applied to the surface, and then embossed.
Steps in Transforming a Hide into Leather:
- Tanning: used to preserve the hide, making the leather strong, supple, and enduring.
- Mineral tanning: uses chromium salts, making the leather more subtle and pliable, and does not discolor or lose shape as drastically in water.

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Description

Learn about the classification of dyes based on their characteristics and application in textile, including acid dyes and pigments.