Classification of Chemical Reactions
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Questions and Answers

What three criteria classify chemical reactions?

Changes in chemical structure, changes in chemical energy, and whether it is irreversible or reversible.

What is the type of reaction represented by AB --> A+B?

Decomposition reaction

What is a decomposition reaction?

A large molecule is digested or broken down into smaller structures.

Give an example of a decomposition reaction.

<p>Sucrose (disaccharide) -&gt; glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a synthesis reaction?

<p>Two or more atoms, ions, or molecules are combined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a synthesis reaction.

<p>Amino acids -&gt; Dipeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an exchange reaction?

<p>Atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons are exchanged between two chemical structures; AB + C -&gt; A + BC</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of an exchange reaction.

<p>Creatine phosphate + ADP -&gt; Creatine + ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are oxidation-reduction reactions?

<p>Exchange reactions involving the transfer of electrons from one chemical to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during oxidation?

<p>A chemical loses an electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during reduction?

<p>A chemical gains an electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is NAD+ oxidized or reduced when it becomes NADH? Explain.

<p>NAD+ is reduced to become NADH because NAD+ gained electrons (2e- and H+).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of oxidation-reduction reactions.

<p>NAD+ (oxidized) encounters (2H+) and (2e-); 1H+ and 1e- combine to form (H); (H) and the remaining e- bind to the NAD+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does LEO stand for?

<p>Loses Electrons is Oxidized</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does GER stand for?

<p>Gains Electrons is Reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are exergonic reactions?

<p>Chemical reactions in which chemical energy is released.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of an exergonic reaction.

<p>Decomposition reactions; glucose to carbon dioxide and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are endergonic reactions?

<p>Chemical reactions that require the input of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of an endergonic reaction.

<p>Synthesis reactions; formation of a dipeptide from two amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP cycling?

<p>Continuous formation and breakdown of ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is ATP formation?

<p>Endergonic reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is ATP splitting?

<p>Exergonic reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an irreversible reaction?

<p>Reactants converted to product at a rate that yields a net loss of reactants and a net gain in products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reversible reaction?

<p>Reactants become products at a rate equal to products becoming reactants; no net change in concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a reversible reaction.

<p>CO2 + H2O &lt;=&gt; H2CO3 &lt;=&gt; (H+) + H(CO3)-</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a chemical reaction that involves simple chemical structures bonded together into a more complex molecule, choose the more accurate term in each pair: (a) Synthesis or decomposition reaction; (b) Exergonic or endergonic reaction; (c) collective term for this type of reaction (catabolism or anabolism).

<p>(a) synthesis, (b) endergonic, (c) anabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is formed from exergonic reactions and used as the energy currency for endergonic reactions?

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what occurs when the equilibrium is disturbed in reversible reactions by changes in reactants and products.

<p>The rate of reaction either goes up or down, depending on what is disturbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification of Chemical Reactions

  • Chemical reactions are classified by changes in chemical structure, energy, and whether they are reversible or irreversible.

Decomposition Reaction

  • Characterized by the breakdown of a large molecule into smaller components.
  • Example includes sucrose (disaccharide) breaking down into glucose.

Synthesis Reaction

  • Involves combining two or more atoms, ions, or molecules to form a new compound.
  • Example is the formation of a dipeptide from amino acids.

Exchange Reaction

  • Atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons are exchanged between two chemical structures.
  • Example is the reaction of creatine phosphate with ADP to form creatine and ATP.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox)

  • These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemicals.
  • Oxidation occurs when a chemical loses electrons; reduction occurs when it gains electrons.

Electron Transfer and NAD+

  • NAD+ is reduced to NADH upon gaining electrons (2e- and H+).

Mnemonics

  • LEO: "Loses Electrons is Oxidized."
  • GER: "Gains Electrons is Reduced."

Exergonic Reactions

  • Reactions that release chemical energy.
  • Example: Decomposition of glucose into carbon dioxide and water.

Endergonic Reactions

  • Reactions that require energy input to proceed.
  • Example: Formation of a dipeptide from two amino acids.

ATP Cycling

  • Continuous process of ATP formation (endergonic) and splitting (exergonic).

Reactions' Nature

  • Irreversible reactions lead to a net gain in products and loss in reactants.
  • Reversible reactions achieve a balance with no net change in concentrations of reactants or products.

Example of Reversible Reaction

  • CO2 + H2O to H2CO3 (with dissociation to H+ and HCO3-) demonstrates dynamic equilibrium.

Reaction Dynamics

  • Disturbances in equilibrium conditions affect reaction rates, leading to an increase or decrease in products or reactants based on the limiting factor.

Energy Currency in Cells

  • ATP is the primary energy currency formed from exergonic reactions, driving endergonic processes.

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Explore the classification of chemical reactions through this engaging flashcard quiz. You'll learn about the criteria that define chemical reactions, including changes in structure and energy. Test your understanding of decomposition reactions and more!

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