Classical Mechanics Basics

Classical Mechanics

• Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects.
• Newton's laws of motion form the foundation, relating force, mass, and acceleration.
• Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
• Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. (F=ma)
• Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Concepts like momentum, energy, and work are central to understanding motion.
• Conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant.
• Conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
• Work is done when a force causes a displacement.
• Potential energy is stored energy due to position.
• Kinetic energy is energy due to motion.
• Gravitational force plays a significant role in many mechanical systems, impacting orbits and trajectories.

Thermodynamics

• Thermodynamics deals with heat and its relation to other forms of energy.
• The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
• The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time.
• The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
• Key concepts include temperature, heat, and entropy.

Electromagnetism

• Electromagnetism describes the interaction between electric and magnetic fields.
• Electric charges create electric fields.
• Moving electric charges create magnetic fields.
• Magnetic fields exert forces on moving electric charges.
• Electromagnetic waves are disturbances in electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as waves.
• Maxwell's equations describe the fundamental laws of electromagnetism.

Optics

• Optics deals with the behavior and properties of light.
• Light can be described as a wave or a stream of particles.
• Reflection is the bouncing of light off a surface.
• Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
• Diffraction is the spreading of light as it passes through an opening or around an obstacle.
• Interference is the combination of two or more waves to create a resultant wave.
• Various optical instruments like lenses and mirrors utilize these phenomena.

Modern Physics

• Modern physics explores phenomena at the atomic and subatomic scales.
• Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic level.
• Key concepts include quantization of energy, wave-particle duality, and uncertainty principle.
• Einstein's theory of relativity describes space and time as interwoven.
• Special relativity alters our understanding of time and space at high speeds.
• General relativity describes gravity as a curvature of spacetime.
• Concepts of nuclear energy and particle physics are important.

Atomic Physics

• Atomic physics studies the structure of atoms and their interactions.
• Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Electron orbitals and energy levels play crucial roles.
• Spectroscopy is a tool to understand electron transitions.
• Atomic models, like the Bohr model, describe the atom.

Nuclear Physics

• Nuclear physics deals with the structure and properties of atomic nuclei.
• Radioactivity is a key aspect of nuclear physics.
• Nuclear reactions involve changes in the nucleus.
• Nuclear fission and fusion are examples of nuclear reactions, releasing significant energy.
• Applications include nuclear power and medical imaging.